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COURSE IN PHARMACY 



BY 



JOSEPH N. CLARK 



RECOGNIZED BT ALL LEADING PHYSICIANS AND 

DRUGGISTS AS THE MOST COMPLETE 

fFORK OF IT'S KIND PUBLISHED 




The Eastern Press 
287 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass. 



(wo Copies rtBC«jiveu 

JUN 215 lyOb 

Qopyritfiii Liiiry 
j COPY B. 



■^^^ :. 



Copyright, 1905 

by 

JOSEPH N. CLARK 



PREFACE 



In presenting this work to the drug clerk, or any of its 
readers, it is necessary that they familiarize themselves with all 
the subjects contained therein. 

In regard to the action and uses of medicines set forth in 
the present work it is proper to state, so numerous are the arti- 
cles, including natural products and artificial compounds, that all 
the medicinal properties are not stated, only the more important 
ones being considered. 

The Prescription work is a very important factor and con- 
siderable attention should be paid to this one subject. 

It is desired to direct the attention of those who consult 
this work for its practical uses to the importance of learning a 
thing well. 

Wishing the reader success, 

I am, sincerely yours, 

SAMUEL J. HARRIS, M. D. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Pharmacy i 

Common Names 4 

Medical Terms Defined 8 

Pharmaceutical Meanings 13 

Habitats 16 

Chemical Formulas 21 

Aceta 23 

Acids 24 

Alcohol 31 

Aquas 31 

Cerates 35 

Collodions ^6 

Decoctions 37 

Elixirs 38 

Emulsions 39 

Extracts 41 

Fluid Extracts 43 

Glycerites 46 

Infusions 47 

Liniments 49 

Liquors . 51 

Lozenges . . . ' 57 

Masses 58 

Mixtures 59 

Oils 60 

Ointments 67 

Oleoresins 72 

Pills 73 

Plasters 77 

Powders 78 

Spirits 79 

Syrups 82 

Tinctures 88 

Wines 94 

Toxicology 97 

Miscellaneous Questions loi 

Examination Questions 198 

Prescriptions 223 



PHARMACY 



What is Pharmacy ? 

Pharmacy is the art of identifying, collecting, preserving, 

preparing and dispensing medicines. Pharmacy also means a 

place where drugs are sold, or a drug store. 
Name and define the divisions of Pharmacy. 

1. Theoretical Pharmacy, which treats of the rules, laws 
and principles of Pharmacy. 

2. Practical Pharmacy, which is the appHcation of the theory. 
What is Magistral Pharmacy ? 

Magistral or Extemporaneous Pharmacy is a term used to 
denote the medicines that are prepared on prescriptions, in 
distinction from those prepared or sold without the physician's 
order. 
What is Pharmacognosy ? 

Pharmacognosy is the science of crude drugs. 
What is Therapeutics ? 

Therapeutics is the study of the action of drugs in disease. 
What is Pharmaco-dynamics ? 

Pharmaco-dynamics is the study of the action of drugs in 
health. 
What is Materia Medica ? 

The materials used in the treatment of disease. 
What is Posology ? 

Posology or Dosology is the science of doses. 
What is Toxicology ? 

Toxicology is the science of poisons. 
What is Metrology ? 

Metrology is the study of measurement, as applied to ex- 
tension, volume and weight of matter. 
What is Physics ? 

Physics is the science which treats of the laws and physical 
properties of matter. 
What is a Pharmacopoeia ? 

A Pharmacopoeia is a book containing a list of medicinal 
substances, with descriptions, tests and formulas for preparing 
them, selected by some recognized authority. 
l^ By whom, and how often is the United States Pharmacopoeia 
revised? 



By a committee consisting of delegates from the various 
incorporated medical and pharmaceutical colleges and societies; 
and also physicians from the Army, Navy and Marine Hos- 
pital Service of the United States. Every ten years. 
When was the last revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, 
and when did it become official ? 

In 1890. It became official from January i, 1894. 
How many times has the Pharmacopoeia been revised ? 

Seven times. 
By whom, and in what year was the first United States Pharma- 
copoeia written ? 

By Dr. Spalding in 18 19. 
What does the abbreviation U. S. P. mean ? 

United States Pharmacopoeia. 
What do the terms " Official " and " Officinal '* mean ? 

" Official " refers to substances or preparations contained in 
the U. S. P. " Officinal " refers to substances or preparations 
not in the U. S. P., but kept in drug stores. Formerly Offi- 
cinal was used in the sense that official is now used. 
What is a Dispensatory ? 

A Dispensatory is a commentary on a Pharmacopoeia. 
Name two Dispensatories that are used in this country. 

The United States Dispensatory and the National Dispen- 
satory. 
What is the Codex ? 

The French Pharmacopoeia. 
How many drugs and preparations are official? 

Nine hundred and eighty-nine. 
What are the sources of drugs ? 

Drugs are obtained from the animal, vegetable and mineral 
kingdoms. 
What is a Galenical preparation ? 

An organic preparation, animal or vegetable, that is in dis- 
tinction to an inorganic or mineral preparation. 
What is Chemistry ? 

Chemistry is the science of matter. 
What is Matter ? 

Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space. 
Name the forms in which Matter exists. 

Solid, liquid and gaseous. 
Define a Solid. 

A Solid is a substance in which the force of attraction of 
the particles for one another is greater than the force of repul- 
sion. A Solid tends to retain whatever form it may possess. 
Define a liquid. 



A liquid is a substance in which the forces of attraction and 
repulsion of the particles are evenly balanced. In a liquid the 
particles readily glide over one another and assume the shape 
of the vessel containing it. 
Define a gas. 

A gas is a substance in which the force of repulsion of the 
particles is greater than the force of attraction. A gas is 
always tending to occupy more space. 
How might one form of matter be converted into the other ? 
A solid can be converted into a liquid by heat, and a Hquid 
into a solid by cold and pressure. 
What is an Element? 

An Element is a substance that cannot be reduced to any 
simpler form of matter. 
About how many Elements are there ? 

About seventy. 
What gaseous element has been discovered within recent years 
and what other gas does it resemble in its properties? 
Argon. It resembles Nitrogen. 
How are the Elements divided ? 

They are divided into Metals and Non-metals or Metalloids. 
Give a few examples of each. 

Metals — Silver, Lead, Mercury and Zinc. 
Non-metals — Iodine, Hydrogen, Sulphur and Phosphorus. 
How are Metals distinguished from Non-metals? 

Metals have, or can be made to have, by polishing or by 
pressure, a peculiar lustre known as metallic lustre. Metals 
are good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals, 
except Iodine, have no metallic lustre and are bad conductors 
of heat and electricity. 
State a chemical difference between Metals and Non-metals. 

The Oxides of the Metals possess basic properties while 
the Oxides of Non-metals do not. 
What is Organic Chemistry ? 

Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of the carbon compounds. 
What is a Compound? 

A Compound is a body composed of two or more elements. 
/^What is a binary substance ? 

It is a compound composed of two elements. Example — 
Lead Oxide, which is composed of Lead and Oxygen. 
What is a tenary substance ? 

It is one that is composed of three elements. Example — 
Potassium Hydrate, composed of Potassium, Oxygen and 
Hydrogen. 
What is a quaternary substance ? 



It is one that is composed of four elements. Example — 
Morphine, composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and 
Oxygen. 
What is the difference between a Mixture and a Chemical 
Compound ? 

In a Mixture each substance retains its property; but in a 
Chemical Compound the substances undergo change and new 
bodies are formed. 
Name the two divisions of Chemistry. 
Organic and Inorganic. 



Name the classes of official 


preparations and the num 


ber 


con- 


tained in each class. 


Trituration . . . . i Oleoresins .... 6 


Suppository . 
Papers . . 
Elixirs . . 






1 Cerates . 

2 Powders . 
2 Liniments 








. 6 
9 
9 


Vinegars . . 
Confections . 






. 2 Wines . 
2 Plasters . 








lO 

13 


Decoctions 






2 Pills . . 








IS 


Masses . . 






3 Troches . 








15 


Oleates . . 






3 Waters . 








18 


Honeys 
Infusions . 






3 Ointments 

4 Solutions 








23 
24 


Emulsions 






4 Spirits 








25 


Collodions 
Mixtures . . 






4 Syrups . 
4 Extracts . 








32 
33 


Mucilages 
Resins 






4 Tinctures 

5 Fluid Extrac 


:ts 






72 
88 


Glycerites 






6 











What official preparations are directed to be made when wanted ? 
Aqua Aurantii Florum, Aqua Rosae, Aqua Chlori, if re- 
quired of full strength, Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis, Unguen- 
tum lodi, Unguentum lodoformi, Linimentum Ammoniac, 
Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis, 
Liquor Potassii Citratis, Mistura Cretae, Mistura Ferri Comp., 
Mucilage Sassafras Medulla, Mucilage Ulmi, Pilulas Ferri 
Carb, Syrupus Acaciae, Suppositoria Glycerini. 

LEARN THE FOLLOWING: 

Absinthium Wormwood 

Acacia Gum Arabic, Gum Senegal 

Acentanildum ..... Antifebrin, Phenylacetamide 
Acid Arsenosum .... Arsenic Anhydride, White Ar- 
senic, Arsenic Trioxide 
Acid Benzoic Flowers of Benzoin, Sal Benzoin 



Acid Boric Acid Boracic 

Acid Carbolic Phenol, Phenic Acid, Phenic 

Alcohol 
Acid Chromic Chromic Trioxide, Chromic An- 
hydride 

Acid Citric Lemon Acid 

Acid Hydrochloric . . . . Muriatic Acid, Spirit of Sea Salt, 

Muriate of Hydrogen 
Acid Hydrocyanic .... Prussic Acid, Cyanhydric Acid 

Acid Lactic Milk Acid 

Acid Nitric Azotic Acid, Aqua Fortis 

Acid Nitrohydrochloric . . Aqua Regia, Gold Solvent 
Acid Phosphoric .... Bone Acid, Acid Ossium 

Acid Sulphuric Oil of Vitriol 

Acid Sulphuric Aromatic . . Elixir of Vitriol, Sour Drops 

Acid Oxalic Acid of Sugar, Acid of Sorrel 

Acid Tannic Tannin, Gallotannic Acid, Di- 

gallic Acid 

Aconite Wolfsbane, Monkshood 

Adeps Lard, Axungia 

Adeps Lanae Hydrosus . . Hydrous wool-fat. Lanolin 

Aether Ether, Sulphuric Ether 

Alcohol Spirit of Wine, Rectified Spirit 

Diluted Alcohol .... Proof Spirit, Spiritus Tenuior 

Allium Garlic 

Althaea Marshmallow 

Alum Aluminum and Potassium Sul- 
phate, Potassium Alum 
Alumen Exsiccatum . . . Dried Alum, Alumen Ustum, 

Burnt Alum 
Ammonium Carbonate . . Sesquicarbonate of Ammonia, 

Baker's Salt, Smelling Salt 
Ammonium Chloride . . . Sal Ammoniac 
'Amygdala Amara .... Bitter Almond 
Amygdala Dulcis .... Sweet Almond 

Amylum Starch 

Anthemis Roman or English Chamomile 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras Tartar Emetic, Tartarated Anti- 
mony 
Kermes Mineral 



Antimonium Sulphuratum 

Apocynuin 

Aqua Ammoniae 
Aqua Camphorae 
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi 



Canadian Hemp 
Spirit of Hartshorn 
Mistura Camphorae 
Solution of Peroxide or Dioxideo 
Hydrogen, Oxygenated Water 



Aqua Rosae Fortior . . . Triple Rose water 

Argenti Nitras Dilutus . . Mitigated Caustic 

Argenti Nitras Fusus . . . Lunar Caustic, Moulded Lunar 

Caustic, Lapis Infernalis 

Arnica Leopards-bane 

Asafetida Devil's Dung, Cibus Deorum 

Asclepias Pleurisy Root, White Root 

Aspidium Male Fern, Filix Mas 

Aspidosperma Quebracho 

Belladonna Deadly Nightshade, Pretty Lady 

Dwale 

Benzin Petroleum Ether 

Benzoin Gum Benjamin 

Bismuth Subnitrate . . . Magistry of Bismuth 

Bismuth of Subgallate . . . Dermatol 

Buchu Barosma, Diosma 

Calamus Radix Acornus, Sweet Flag 

Dried Calcium Sulphate . . Dried Gypsum, Plaster Paris 

Calx Lime,Quicklime, Calcium Oxide 

Calendula Marigold 

Cambogia Gamboge, Gummi Guttae 

Cannabis Indica Indian Hemp 

Cantharides Spanish Flies, Blister Beetle, 

Lytta Vesicatoria 

Capsicum Cayenne Pepper, African Pepper 

Animal Charcoal .... Bone Black, Ivory Black 

Carum Caraway 

Caryophyllus Cloves 

Cassia Fistula Purging Fistula 

Castanea Chestnut 

Catechu Cutch, Terra Japanica, Japanese 

Earth 

Caulophyllum Blue Cohosh 

Cera Wax 

Cerate of Lead Subacetatem . Goulard's Cerate 

Resin Cerate Basilicon Ointment 

Cetaceum Spermaceti 

Cetraria Iceland Moss 

Chelidenium Celandine 

Chenopodium American Wormseed 

Chimphila Pipsissewa, Princes Prr.^;, Winter- 
green 

Chloroform Trichlermethane 

Chondrus Irish Moss, Carragheen 

Cimicifuga Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh 



Cinchona Peruvian Bark, Jesuit*s Bark 

Coca Erythroxylon 

Coccus Cochineal 

Colchicum Meadow Saffron 

Cantharidal Collodion . . . Blistering Collodion 

Colocynth Bitter Apple, Bitter Cucumber 

Confection of Senna . . . Lenitive Electuary 

Conium Spotted Hemlock 

Convallaria Lily-of-the- Valley 

Creosote Oil of Smoke, Oleum Fagi 

Crocus Saffron 

Cubeb Tailed-Black-Pepper 

Copper Sulphate .... Blue Vitriol, Blue Stone 

Cusso Brayera 

Cypripedium Ladies' Slipper, Mocassin Root, 

American Valerian, Nerve 

Root 

Digitalis Foxglove 

Dulcamara Bitter Sweet, Woody Nightshade 

Elastica India-rubber, Caoutchouc 

Iron Plaster Strengthening Plaster 

Isinglass Plaster .... Court Plaster 

Cantharidal Pitch Plaster . . Warming Plaster 

Lead Plaster Diachylon Plaster 

Resin Plaster Adhesive Plaster 

Ergot Secale Cornutum 

Eriodictyon Yerba Santa 

Eucalyptus Australian Fever Tree 

Euonymus Wahoo, Burning Bush 

Eupatorium Thoroughwort, Boneset 

Fel Bovis Oxgall, Fel Tauri 

Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas . Ammonio-Ferro Alum 

Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia Arsenic Antidote 

Ferrous Sulphate .... Green Vitriol, Copperas 

Reduced Iron Iron-by-Hydrogen, Quevenne's 

Iron 

Ficus Fig 

Frangula Buckthorn 

Galla Nutgall 

Gelsemium Yellow Jasmine 

Geranium Cranesbill 

Glycerin Propenyl Alcohol 

Glycerite of Starch .... Plasma 

Glycerite of Yolk of egg . . Glyconin 

Glycyrrhiza Liquorice Root, Sweet Root 

7 



Glycyrrhizin Liquorice Sugar 

Purified Cotton Absorbent Cotton 

Granatum Pomegranate 

Guaiacum Wood .... Lignum Vitae 

Guarana Brazilian Chocolate 

Haematoxylyn ..... Campechianum, Logwood 

Hamamelis Witch Hazel 

Hedcoma Pennyroyal 

Humulus Hops 

Ammoniated Mercury . . White Precipitate, Mercuric 

Ammonium Chloride 

Mercury with Chalk . . . Grey Powder 

Hydrastis Golden Seal 

Hyoscyamus Henbane 

Ichthyocolla Isinglass 

Illicium Star-Anise 

Compound Infusion of Senna Black Draught 

Inula Elecampane 

Iris Blue Flag 

Juglans Butternut 

Kamala Rottlera 

Krameria Rhatany 

Lappa Burdock 

MEDICAL TERMS DEFINED 

What are Emetics ? 

Emetics are medicines that cause vomiting. Examples — 
Zinc Sulphate, Copper Sulphate. Apomorphine Hydrochlorate 
and Ipecac. 
What are Anodynes ? 

Anodynes or Analgesics are medicines that allay pain. 
Examples — Opium, Belladonna and Henbane. 
What are Caustics ^ 

Caustics or Escharotics are substances that destroy living 
tissue. Examples — Potassa, Soda and Nitric Acid. 
What are Diaphoretics ? 

Diaphoretics or Sudorifics are medicines that produce 
sweating. Examples — Liq. Ammonii Acetatis, Opium and 
Pilocarpine. 
What are Antidrotics.'* 

Antidrotics or Antihidrotics are medicines that diminish 
sweating. Examples — Atropine, Acids and Quinine. 
What are Diuretics ? 

Diuretics are medicines that increase the secretion of urine. 
Examples — Buchu, Potassium Acetate and Triticum. 

8 



What are Antacids ? 

Antacids are medicines that neutralize acids in the stomach 
and intestines. Examples — Magnesium Carbonate, Lime 
Water and Sodium Bicarbonate. 
What are Cholagogues? 

Cholagogues are medicines that promote the secretion and 
excretion of bile. Examples — Calomel, Podophyllum and 
Aloes. 
What are Hypnotics ? 

Hypnotics or Somnifacients or Soporics are medicines that 
cause sleep. Examples — Sulphonal and Chloral Hydrate. 
What are Narcotics ? 

Narcotics are powerful Anodyne Hypnotics. Examples — 
Opium, Cannabis Indica and Conium. 
What are Purgatives ? 

Purgatives or Cathartics are medicines that increase or quicken 
the evacuation of the bowels. Examples — Aloes and Rhubarb. 
What are Laxatives ? 

Laxatives or Aperients are mild purgatives. Examples — 
Prune, Fig, Honey and Cassia Fistula. 
What are Hydragogues ? 

Hydragogues are purgatives thkt produce large watery dis- 
* charges. Examples — Cream of Tartar and Epsom Salt. 
What are Drastics ? 

Drastics are purgatives that produce great irritation. Ex- 
amples — Croton Oil, Elaterin and Gamboge. 
What are Peristaltics ? 

Peristaltics are medicines that increase the worm-like motion 
of the intestines and thereby aid evacuation. Example — 
Strychnine. 
What are Astringents ? 

Astringents or Constringents are medicines that contract 
tissues and check discharges. Examples — Tannic Acid, Alum 
and Zinc Sulphate. 
What are Alteratives? 

Alteratives are medicines that improve the nutrition of the 
body without exerting any very definite action on individual 
organs. Examples — Potassium Iodide, Arsenic Iodide and 
Stillingia. 
What are Mydriatics ? 

Mydriatics are medicines that dilate the pupil of the eye. 
Examples — Atropine and Cocaine. 
What are Myotics? 

Myotics are medicines that contract the pupil of the eye. 
Examples — Pilocarpine and Physostigmine. 

9 



What are Demulcents? 

Demulcents are medicines that soothe and protect irritated 
mucous membrane and other tissues. Examples — Honey, 
Mucilages and Isinglass in solution. 
What are Emollients? 

Emollients are substances used mechanically to soften and 
protect tissues. Examples — Glycerin, Olive Oil and Lanolin. 
What are Anaesthetics ? 

Anaesthetics are medicines that produce loss of conscious- 
ness and insensibility to pain. There are two classes : General 
Anaesthetics, those that act on the whole body ; and Local 
Anaesthetics, such as Cocaine and Ether spray. 
What are Cardiac Stimulants ? 

Cardiac Stimulants are medicines that increase the heart's 
action. Examples — Strophanthus and Digitalis. 
What are Cardiac Depressants ? 

Cardiac Depressants are medicines that lower the heart's 
action. Examples — Aconite and Veratrum Viride. 
What are Aphrodisiacs ? 

Aphrodisiacs are medicines that increase sexual power. 
Examples — Cantharides, Damiana and Strychnine. 
What are Anaphrodisiacs ? 

Anaphrodisiacs are medicines that lessen sexual power. 
Examples — Potassium Bromide, Camphor and Potassium 
Nitrate. 
What are Sialogogues ? 

Sialogogues are medicines that excite the salivary secretion. 
Examples — Ginger, Cloves and Pyrethrum when chewed. 
What are Antipyretics ? 

Antipyretics are medicines that reduce bodily temperature 
in fevers. Examples — Antipyrine, Aconite and Quinine. 
What are Febrifuges ? 

Febrifuges or Antipyretics. 
What are Antiperiodics ? 

Antiperiodics are medicines used for the cure of malarial 
fever. Examples — Quinine, Arsenic and Salicin. 
What are Haemostatics ? 

Haemostatics or Styptics are medicines that stop bleeding. 
Examples — Tannic Acid, Alum, Ergot and Monsel's Solution. 
What are Stimulants ? 

Stimulants or Excitants are medicines that increase functional 
activity. Examples — Strychnine, Alcohol and Ammonia. 
What are Sedatives ? 

Sedatives or Depressants are medicines that lower functional 

10 



activity. Examples — Hydrocyanic Acid and Potassium 
Bromide. 
What are Antiphlogistics ? 

Antiphlogistics are medicines that reduce inflammation when 
applied locally. Example — Lead Lotion. 
What are Refrigerants? 

Refrigerants are medicines that lessen bodily temperature 
and quench thirst. Examples — Potassium Bitartrate, Citric 
Acid and Tartaric Acid. 
What are Tonics .? 

Tonics are medicines that permanently increase the sys- 
temetic tone by stimulating nutrition. Examples — Iron, 
Gentian and Nux Vomica. 
What are Antiseptics? 

Antiseptics are substances that retard putrefaction. Ex- 
amples — Corrosive Sublimate and Carbolic Acid. 
What are Disinfectants ? 

Disinfectants are medicines that have the power of des- 
troying disease germs. Examples — Corrosive Sublimate, 
Carbolic Acid and Potassium Permanganate. 
What are Deodorants ? 

Deodorants are substances that hide or destroy foul odors. 
Examples — Charcoal, Zinc Chloride and Potassium Per- 
manganate. 
What are Carminatives ? 

Carminatives are medicines that expel gases from the 
stomach or intestines. Examples — Ginger, Cloves, Nutmeg, 
Anise and Caraway. Their action depends upon the volatile 
oil which they contain. 
What are Antispasmodics ? 

Antispasmodics are medicines that relieve spasms. Examples 
— Chloral Hydrate, Potassium Bromide and Belladonna. 
What are Galactagogues ? 

Galactagogues are medicines that increase the secretion of 
milk. Examples — Pilocarpus, Alcohol and Poultices of 
Castor Oil leaves applied to the breasts. 
What are Expectorants ? 

Expectorants are medicines that act upon the pulmonary 
mucous membrane and alter or increase its secretion. Exam- 
ples — Ammonium Chloride, Senega, Squill and Ipecac. 
What are Antilithics ? 

Antilithics are medicines that relieve calculous affections. 
Stone in the bladder. Examples — Lithium Carbonate, Po- 
tassium Carbonate and Ammonium Benzoate. 

11 



What are Anthelmintics? 

Anthelmintics are medicines that expel intestinal worms. 
Examples — Aspidium, Spigelia, Santonin and Cusso. 
Vermifuges are medicines that expel intestinal worms. 
Vermicides are medicines that kill intestinal worms. 
Taenifuges are medicines that expel tape-worms. 
Taencides are medicines that kill tape-worms. 
What are Emmenagogues ? 

Emmenagogues are medicines that promote the menstrual 
discharge. Examples — Ergot, Cotton Root Bark and Savine. 
What are Counter-irritants ? 

Counter-irritants are substances which, when appHed locally, 
draw the blood to the surface and thereby reHeve internal 
organs. Examples — Capsicum, Mustard and hot applications. 
What are Antipruritics ? 

Antipruritics are medicines that, when applied externally, 
relieve itching. Examples — Carbolic Acid, Sulphur and 
Zinc Oxide. 
What are Calefacients ? 

Calefacients are medicines that, when applied locally, pro- 
duce a sensation of warmth. 
What are Rubefacients ? 

Rubefacients are medicines that cause redness of the skin. 
Examples — Mustard and Capsicum. 
What are Vesicatories ? 

Vesicatories are substances that blister. Examples — Tartar 
Emetic and Cantharides. 
What are Antizymotics ? 

Antizymotics are medicines that retard fermentation. Ex- 
amples — Sodium Sulphite and Carbolic Acid. 
What are Vulneraries ? 

Vulneraries are medicines that are healing to wounds. 
Examples — Friar's Balsam and Tincture of Arnica. 
What are Epispastics ? 

Epispastics or blisters. 
What are Depilatories? 

Depilatories are agents that remove superfluous hair. 
Examples — Calcium Oxide and Barium Chloride. 
What are Sternutatories ? 

Sternutatories are agents that cause sneezing. Examples — 
Powdered Soap Bark, Ginger and Tobacco. 
What are Errhines ? 

Errhines are agents that increase the nasal discharge. Ex- 
amples — Ammonium Chloride and Soap Bark. 

12 



What are Prophylactics ? 

Prophylactics are medicines that prevent the taking of disease. 
What are Condiments ? 

Condiments are substances that are used to flavor food. 
Examples — Salt, Mustard and Pepper. 
What are Aromatics? 

Aromatics or Carminatives. 

LEARN THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS 

Pulmonary, relating to the lungs. 

Cardiac, relating to the heart. 

Renal, relating to the kidneys. 

Gastric, relating to the stomach. 

Cephalic, relating to the head. 

Hepatic, relating to the liver. 

Uterine, relating to the womb. 

Subcutaneous, under the skin. 

Hypodermic, under the skin. 

Extemporaneous, made on the spur of the moment. 

Glacial, resembling ice. 

Anhydrous, not containing water. 

Acicular, needle-shaped. 

Ligneous, woody. 

Neutral, neither acid nor alkaline. 

Acrid, sharp, burning, pungent. 

Inspissated, thickened as by evaporation. 

Empyreumatic, having a smoky odor. 

Oleaginous, oily. 

Vitreous, glassy. 

Saccharine, sugary. 

Saline, salty. 



AND LATIN AND GREEK PHARMACEUTICAL TERMS 

Admove, apply. 

Agitato vase, the vial being shaken. 

Aggred. feb., aggredionts febre, while the fever is coming on. 

Alternis horis, every other hour. 

Capiat, let him take. 

Cum, with. 

Et, and. 

Ante cibos, before meals. 

Inter cibos, between meals. 

Post cibos, after meals. 

Tabella, a tablet. 

13 



Sesuncia, an ounce and a half. 

Lagena, a bottle. 

Lateri dolenti, to the painful side. 

Nebeat, let him have. 

Dimidiun, a half. 

Statim, immediately. 

Horo somni, at bedtime or just before retiring. 

Sine, without. 

Coque, boil. 

Durante dolore, while the pain lasts. 

Ft. fiat, let it be made. 

Divide, divide. 

Ejusdem, the same. 

Haustis, a draught, one dose. 

Quaqua hora, every hour. 

Fiat lege artis, let it be made according to art. 

Mitte, send. 

Scatula, a box. 

Puxia, a pill-box. 

Modo praescripto, in the manner prescribed. 

Cito, quickly. 

Fiat secundum artem, let it be done skillfully. 

Dentur tales doses, let of such doses be given. 

Cras mane, tomorrow morning. 

Cras nocte, tomorrow night. 

Cochleare magnum, a tablespoonful. 

Cochleare modicum, a dessertspoonful. 

Cochleare parvum, a teaspoonful. 

Cochleare amplum, a tablespoonful. 

Cola, a strain. 

Cyathus vinarius, a wine glass. 

Quantum libet, as much as is sufficient. 

Quantum sufficiat, as much as is sufficient. 

Ne trades sine mummo, do not deliver unless paid for. 

Recipe, take. 

Sesquihora, an hour and a half 

More dictu, in the manner directed. 

Tussis, cough. 

Jentaculum, breakfast. 

Prandium, dinner. 

Coena, supper. 

Semel, once. 

Simul, together. 

Tere, rub. 

Mica panis, bread crumb. 

14 



Bibe, drink. 

Charta, a paper. 

Chartula, a small paper. 

Poculum, cup. 

Semis, half. 

Talis, such as, like this. 

Pugillus, a pinch. 

Bis in dies, twice a day. 

Ter in dies, three times a day. 

Misce bene, mix well. 

Compositus, compound. 

Contusus, bruised. 

Concisus, cut. 

Optimus, best. 

Octaris, a pint. 

Congius, a gallon. 

Libra, a pound. 

Pondere, by weight. 

Manipulus, a handful. 

Balneum, a bath. 

Balneum arenas, a sand-bath. 

Decanta, pour off. 

MolHs, soft. 

Durus, hard. 

Spissum, hard. 

Adstante febre, while the fever is present. 

Absente febre, in the absence of fever. 

Vomitione urgente, the vomiting being troublesome. 

Aqua astricta, frozen water. 

Aqua bulliens, boiling water. 

Aqua fervens, hot water. 

Aqua nivalis, snow water. 

Aqua fluviatilis, river water. 

Aqua Marina, sea water. 

Supra, above. 

Hyper, above or over. 

Hypo, under. 

Sub, under. 

Bi or Bin, two, twice. 

Per, through, by higher. 

Proto, first. 

Sesqui, one and a half. 

Pyro, fire. 

Clyster or Enema, a rectal injection. 

Collyrium, an eye lotion. 

15 



Collunarium, a nose wash. 
Sinapism, a mustard paper. 
Collutorium, a mouth wash. 
Gargariama, a gargle. 
Cataplasm, a poultice. 

HABITATS 

Arnica Mountains of Europe 

Anthemis Europe 

Matricaria Europe 

Myrrh East Africa 

Podophyllum .... North America 

Strophanthus .... Tropical Africa 

Mastic Mediterranean Basin 

Nutgall Levant 

Santonica Turkestan 

Lactucarium .... Europe 

Jalap Mexico 

Cascarilla West Indies 

Scammony Western Asia 

Colocynth Asia 

Kamala Asia 

Castor oil India, West Indies and United States 

Croton oil India 

Aspidium Europe and United States 

Gentian Europe 

Chirata India 

Styrax Asia Minor 

Gamboge Anam and Siam 

Camphor China and Japan 

Acacia Africa 

Catechu India 

Senna India and Egypt 

Copaiba South America 

Logwood Central America 

Kino . . . . . . East Indies 

Physostigma .... Africa 

Tragacanth .... Asia 

Star Anise China 

Nux Vomica .... India 

Lobelia North America 

Coca South America 

Squill Mediterranean Basin 

Stavesacre Europe 

Aconite Europe 

16 



Rhubarb China 

Calumba Eastern Africa 

Opium Western Asia 

Vanilla Mexico 

Pimenta Jamaica 

Cubeb Java 

Cusso Africa 

Ipecac Brazil 

Benzoin Sumatra 

Digitalis Europe 

Conium Europe 

Stramonium .... Asia 

Guarana Brazil 

Valerian Europe 

Eucalyptus .... Australia 

What is an Atom ? 

An Atom is the smallest quantity of an element that is 
capable of existing, and which is indivisible. 
What is a Molecule ? 

A Molecule is the smallest quantity of a body, elementary 
or compound, that is capable of existing in the free state. 
What is Chemical Attraction ? 

Chemical Attraction, Chemical Affinity or Chemism is the 
force that binds the atoms of a chemical compound together. 
What is Analysis ? 

Analysis is the process of breaking up complex bodies into 
simpler or elementary bodies. 
What is Synthesis ? 

Synthesis is the process of building up compounds from 
simpler bodies. 
What is Atomicity ? 

Atomicity, valency or quantivalence is the power of the 
combining weight of an element or radical measured by the 
number of Hydrogen atoms with which it can unite. 
What do the following terms mean. Monad, Dyad, Triad, 
Tetrad, Pentad and Hexad.'' 

Monad, a term applied to an element that is capable of 
replacing one atom of Hydrogen in chemical reaction. Ex- 
amples — Chlorine and Bromine. 

Dyad, an element that is capable of replacing two atoms of 
Hydrogen. Examples — Oxygen, Copper and Zinc. 

Triad, an element that is capable of replacing three atoms 
of Hydrogen. Examples — Boron, Bismuth and Gold. 

17 



Tetrad, an element that is capable of replacing four atoms 
of Hydrogen. Examples — Carbon and Iron. 

Pentad, an element that is capable of replacing six atoms of 
Hydrogen. Examples — Antimony and Arsenicum. 

Hexad, an element that is capable of replacing six atoms of 
Hydrogen. Examples — Chronium and Sulphur. 
What other terms are applied to the above ? 

Monads or Univalents, Dyads or Bivalents, Triads or Triva- 
lents. Tetrads or Quadrivalents, Pentads or Quinquivalents 
and Hexads or Sexivalents. 
What is an Alloy ? 

An Alloy is a mixture of metals. 
What is an Amalgam ? 

An Amalgam is a mixture of metals, one being Mercury. 
What is a Radical ? 

A Radical is an unsaturated body, or a body that requires 
something to combine with it before it can exist. 
What is an Elementary Radical ? 

An Elementary Radical is an Element in an unsaturated 
condition, and always consists of one atom of the Element. 
What is a Compound Radical? 

A Compound Radical is a group of Elements that do not 
completely saturate one another, and which must be saturated 
by some other body or bodies in order to exist. 
What is a Chemical Symbol ? 

A Chemical Symbol is a shorthand method of representing 
an Element. It represents one atom of the Element, stands 
for constant weight of the Element and represents single and 
equal volumes of gaseous Elements. 
What is a Chemical Formula ? 

A Chemical Formula is a representation of the composition 
of a body by means of symbols. Numbers are usually at- 
tached to these symbols, indicating the proportions in which 
the Elements occur in the body. When no number is attached 
the number " one " is understood. 
What is Atomic Weight ? 

Atomic Weight is the weight of an atom of an Element 
compared to the weight of an atom of hydrogen. 
What is a Molecular Weight ? 

Molecular Weight is the combined weight of the atoms 
forming the molecules. 



18 



ELEMENTS SYMBOLS ATOMIC WEIGHT 

Hydrogen H i 

Lithium Li 7 

Boron B ii 

Carbon C 12 

Nitrogen N 14 

Oxygen O 16 

Sodium Na ..... . 23 

Magnesium Mg 24 

Aluminum ..... Al 27.5 

Phosphorus P 31 

Sulphur S 32 

Chlorine CI 35.5 

Potassium K 39 

Calcium Ca 40 

Manganese Mn ^^ 

Iron Pe 56 

Copper Cu ^S'S 

Zinc Zn 6^ 

Arsenicum As 75 

Bromine Br 80 

Silver Ag 108 

Tin Sn 118 

Antimony Sb 120 

Iodine I 127 

Barium Ba 137 

Mercury Hg 200 

Lead Pb 207 

Bismuth Bi 210 

Write the Latin names for the following : Antimony, Copper, 
Gold, Iron, Lead, Mercury, Potassium, Silver, Sodium and Tin. 

Antimony Stibium 

Copper Cuprum 

Gold Aurum 

Iron Ferrum 

Lead Plumbum 

Mercury Hydrargyrum 

Potassium Kalium 

Silver Argentium 

Sodium Natrium 

Tin Atannum 

What is QuaUtative Analysis ? 

Qualitative Analysis is the process of finding out the quality 
or identity of the objects sought for in the substance examined. 

19 



What is Quantitative Analysis ? 

Quantitative Analysis is the process of finding out the 
quantity or amount of the substance. 
What is Gravimetric Analysis ? 

Gravimetric Analysis is the process of finding out the 
quantity by weighing. 
What is Volumetric Analysis ? 

Volumetric Analysis is the Quantitative Analysis performed 
by ascertaining the volume of a solution of known strength 
necessary to produce a certain reaction, such as the formation 
of a precipitate or change of color. The process is sometimes 
called Titration. 
What is Proximate Analysis ? 

Proximate Analysis is the process of determining the 
simpler compounds that constitute a substance. 
What is Ultimate Analysis ^ 

Ultimate Analysis is the process of determining the elements 
that enter into the composition of a substance. 
What is Oxidation ? 

Oxidation is the act of combination between other substances 
and Oxygen. The products formed are called Oxides. 
What is Combustion ? 

Combustion is rapid Oxidation accompanied by heat and light. 
What Element will not combine with Oxygen ? 

Oxygen combines with all the Elements except Fluorine. 
What non-metallic Elements are official? 

Bromine, Iodine, Phosphorus and Sulphur. 
Name the metals or their compounds that are used in medicine. 
Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenicum, Barium, Bismuth, Cal- 
cium, Cerium, Copper, Gold, Iron, Lead, Lithium, Magnesium, 
Manganese, Mercury, Potassium, Silver, Sodium, Strontium,^ 
and Zinc. 
What Metals are Hghter than water.'* 

Potassium, Sodium and Lithium. 
What are the noble Metals ? 

Gold, Silver, Platinum and Mercury. 
Why are they so called ? 

Because they do not oxidize at ordinary temperature. 
What is MalleabiHty .? 

Malleability is the property possessed by certain solids of 
being drawn into wire. 
What is an Oxidizing Agent ? 

An Oxidizing Agent is a substance which, under suitable 
conditions, separates from its Oxygen. The process is called 

20 



I 



Oxidation. Examples — Nitric Acid, Potassium Nitrate, and 
Potassium Chlorate. 
What is a Reducing Agent ? 

A Reducing or Deoxidizing Agent is a substance which tends 
to remove Oxygen from bodies. The process is called Reductioii. 
Examples — Carbon, Sulphurous Acid, Potassium and Sodium. 
What is a Binary Compound ? 

A Binary Compound is a compound that contains but two 
Elements. Examples — Lead Oxide, PbO and Sodium Chlor- 
ide, MaCl. 
What is a Ternary Compound ? 

A Ternary Compound is a compound that contains three 
Elements. Examples — Potassa, KOH and Soda, NaOH. 

CHEMICAL FORMULAS 

Acetic Acid HC^HgO, 

Arsenous Acid AS2O3 

Benzoic Acid HC^H^O^ 

Boric Acid ....... H3BO3 

Carbolic Acid CgH^OH 

Chromic Acid CrOg 

Hydrobromic Acid . . . . HBr 

Hydrochloric Acid .... HCl 

Hydrocyanic Acid HCN or HCy 

Hypophosphorus Acid . . . HPHgO, 

Nitric Acid HNO3 

Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 

Salicylic Acid HC.H^Og 

Stearic Acid HC^gHgaOg 

Sulphuric Acid H^SO^ 

Sulphurous Acid HgSOg 

Sulphur Dioxide SCg 

Ammonium Bromide .... NH^Br 

Ammonium Chloride .... NH^Cl 

Ammonium Iodide .... NH^I 

Ammonium Nitrate .... NH^NO. 

Antimony Oxide Sb2 03 

Antimony Sulphide .... Sb2S3 

Ammonia NH3 

Water H.O 

Carbon Disulphide .... CSg 

Hydrogen Dioxide . . . . H^O^ 

Silver Cyanide AgCN 

Silver Iodide Agl 

Silver Nitrate AgNOg 

21 



Silver Oxide AggO 

Arsenic Iodide Aslg 

Barium Dioxide BaOg 

Calcium Carbonate CaCO 3 

Calcium Chloride CaClg 

Lime CaO 

Prepared Chalk CaCO 3 

Copper Sulphate CuSO^ plus 5H2O 

Ferric Chloride FcgClg plus liHgO 

Ferrous Sulphate FeSO^ plus yHgO 

Ferrous Carbonate FeCOg 

Ferrous Iodide Feig 

Corrosive Sublimate .... HgClg 

Calomel HgCl or HggClg 

Yellow Mercurous Iodide . . Hgl or Hggig 

Red Mercuric Iodide .... Hgig 

Yellow Mercuric Oxide . . . HgO 

Red Mercuric Oxide .... HgO 

Ammoniated Mercury . . . NH^HgCl 

Mercuric Cyanide Hg(CN)2 

Iodoform CHI 3 

Lead Iodide Pbl^ 

Lead Nitrate Pb(N03)2 

Lead Oxide PbO 

Lithium Benzoate LiC^H^O^ 

Lithium Bromide LiBr 

Lithium Carbonate .... Li 2 CO 3 

Lithium Citrate LigCgHgO^ 

Lithium Salicylate LiC^HgO, 

Magnesia MgO 

Magnesium Sulphate .... MgSO^ 

Manganese Dioxide .... MnOg 

Nitrogen Dioxide NO 

Chloroform CHCI3 

Potassa KOH 

Potassium Bromide .... KBr 

Potassium Carbonate .... Kg CO 3 

Potassium Bicarbonate . . . KHCO3 

Potassium Chlorate .... KCIO3 

Potassium Cyanide KCN 

Potassium Chloride .... KCl 

Potassium Iodide KI 

Potassium Nitrate KNO3 

Potassium Permanganate . . . KMnO^ 

Soda NaOH 

22 



Sodium Bicarbonate .... NaHCOg 

Sodium Arsenate NagHAsO^ plus yH^O 

Sodium Carbonate Na^COg plus loH^O 

Sodium Iodide Nal 

Sodium Chloride NaCl 

Sodium Nitrate NaNOg 

Sodium Nitrite NaNOg 

Sodium Sulphate Na^SO^ plus loHgO 

Sodium Sulphite NagSOg plus j¥l^O 

Cane Sugar C^gHg^Oi^ 

Grape Sugar CgHjaOe 

Milk Sugar C^gH^gOj^ plus H^O 

Terebene C^^H^g 

Alum Al2K2(SOj4 plus 24H2O 

Paraldehyde CgH.^Og 

Tartaric Acid H^C^H^Og 

Citric Acid HgCgH^O, plus HgO 

Chloral Hydrate C^HClgO plus H^O 

Zinc Bromide ZnBrg 

Zinc Carbonate ZnCog 

Zinc Oxide ZnO 

Zinc Sulphate ZnSO^ plus yH^O 

Ethyl Alcohol C^HgOH 

Methyl Alcohol CH3OH 

Amyl Alcohol C^H^^OH 

ACETA 

What are Aceta ? 

Aceta or Vinegars are solutions of the active principles of 
drugs in diluted Acetic acid. 
How many are official ? 

Two. 
Give ingredients and percentage strengths of the official Vinegars. 

Acetum Opii, — Powd. Opium, Nutmeg, Sugar and diluted 
Acetic acid. 10% Powd. Opium. 

Acetum Scillas, — Squill, and Diluted Acetic Acid. 10% 
Squill. 
What quantity of Morphine is in 100 cc of Acetum Opii? 

1.3 to 1.5 Gm. 
How long does it take to make Vinegar of Opium ? 

Seven days. 
How long does it take to make Vinegar of Squill ? 

Seven days. 

23 



ACIDS 

What are Acids ? 

Acids are bodies that always contain Hydrogen ; which 
Hydrogen is capable of being partially or entirely displaced 
by a metal to form a salt. 
How many are official ? ' 

Thirty-two. 
What is an Organic Acid ? 

An Organic Acid is an acid whose radical is a Carbon deriva- 
tive. 
Name six Organic Acids. 

Benzoic, Citric, Tartaric, Tannic, Gallic and Salicylic Acids. 
What is an Inorganic Acid? 

An Inorganic Acid or Mineral Acid is one whose radical is 
not a Carbon derivative. 
Name six Inorganic Acids. 

Hydrochloric, Hydrobromic, Hydriodic, Sulphuric, Sul- 
phurous and Nitric Acids. 
Name two Acids of animal origin. 

Formic Acid (from red ants) and Lactic Acid (from milk). 
What are Oxyacids ? 

Oxyacids are Acids that contain Oxygen. Those that end 
in " ic " form salts that end in " ate" ; and Acids that end in 
"ous" form salts end in "ite.'' Thus Sulphur/V Acid forms 
with Potassium Hydrate, Potassium Sulph^/^ ; while Nitrous 
Acid forms with Potassium Hydrate, Potassium Nitr/V^. 
What is an Anhydride ? 

An Anhydride is an Acid minus the elements of water. 
What official Anhydrides are erroneously called Acids ? 

Acidum Arsenosum and Acidum Chromicum. 
How can an Anhydride be converted into an Acid P 

By treating with water. 
What is a Fatty Acid ? 

A Fatty Acid is an Acid found in the fixed oils and fats. 
Examples — Stearic and Oleic Acids. 
What is a Monabasic Acid ? 

A Monabasic Acid is an Acid that contains one atom ot 
replacable Hydrogen. Example — Nitric Acid. HNO3. 
What is a Dibasic Acid ? 

A Dibasic Acid is an Acid that contains two atoms of re- 
placable Hydrogen. Example — -Sulphuric Acid. H^SO^. 
What is a Tribasic Acid ? 

A Tribasic Acid is an Acid that contains three atoms of 
replacable Hydrogen. Example — Phosphoric Acid. H3PO^ 

24 



How should the Mineral Acids be stored ? 

In dark, amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles. 
What U. S. P. Acid is directed to be kept in cork-stoppered vials? 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. 
What grades of Mineral Acids are found in commerce ? 

C. P. — chemically pure. M. P. — medicinally pure. 
Which grade of Acid should be used in the official preparations 
and tests ? 

The chemically pure. 
What treatment should be given in case of poisoning by the 
Mineral Acids ? 

Give mild Alkalies (Sodium Carbonate, Soap-Suds or Lime 
Water) with some bland fixed oil. 
How are the strengths of the U. S. P. Mineral Acids determined ? 
By the amount of normal Potassium Hydrate V. S. required 
to neutralize a given quantity of the Acid. 
With what class of poisons are Sulphuric, Nitric and Hydro- 
chloric Acids classed ? 
Corrosives. 
How is Arsenous Acid made ? 

By roasting Arsenical ores and resubliming the Sublimate. 
What are the varieties ? 

It occurs in two distinct forms ; amorphous vitreous form 
and a crystalline, opaque, porcelain-like form. 
Which of the forms is the more soluble ? 

The vitreous variety is almost three times as soluble as the 
porcelain variety. 
How is Acetic Acid obtained? 

By heating wood at a temperature of 401° F. for seven 
days, during which time Dilute Acetic Acid distills over. This 
crude Acid is neutralized with Soda Ash or Sodium Carbonate 
and the resulting Sodium Acetate is dried by evaporation and 
treated with Sulphuric Acid in suitable stills, and the purified 
Acetic Acid recovered. 
What forms of Acetic Acid are oflicial ? 

Glacial Acetic Acid, nearly or quite Absolute Acetic Acid. 
What per cent of Absolute Acid contained in each ? 

Acetic Acid contains 1,6% of Absolute Acetic Acid. Di- 
luted Acetic Acid contains 6% of Absolute Acetic Acid. 
How is Benzoic Acid obtained? 

Benzoic Acid is usually obtained from Benzoin by sublima- 
tion or prepared artificially, chiefly from Toluol, by passing 
Chlorine gas into the boiling liquid, converting it into Benzyl 
Trichloride. This is then treated with water under pressure, 
and is converted into Benzoic and Hydrochloric Acids. The 

25 



Benzoic Acid is separated by straining and washing with cold 
water. 
What is the source of Boric Acid ? 

Boric Acid is found in the free state in the volcanic regions of 
Tuscany, Italy. Medicinal Boric Acid is obtained by decom- 
position of a boiling solution of Borax with Hydrochloric or 
Sulphuric Acid. HCl is preferrable to HgSO^ as it can be 
more easily removed, by washing, from the crystals of Boric 
Acid. 
Into what is Boric Acid converted when heated? 

Boric Acid loses water when heated and is converted into 
Metaboric Acid, HBOg ; and by increasing the heat, it may 
be converted into Tetraboric Acid, HgB^O^. 
What is the source of Carbolic Acid ? 

Carbolic Acid is a constituent of Coal-tar, and is obtained 
by fractional distillation. It is purified by shaking with a 
warm solution of Soda. Crystals of Sodium Phenol are pro- 
duced, which are freed from adhering foreign matter by heating 
and treating with water. This aqueous solution of Sodium 
Phenol is treated with HCl, which precipitates the Acid as an 
oily liquid. This is repeatedly shaken with Sodium Chloride, 
dehydrated with Calcium Chloride and distilled at a tempera- 
ture between 328 and ;^6^° F. The distillate is then exposed 
to a low temperature and solidifies into a crystalline mass. 
How is Chromic Acid made ? 

Chromic Acid is made by adding Sulphuric Acid to a satur- 
ated solution of Potassium Bichromate. The Chromic Acid 
formed is washed with small quantities of Nitric Acid in order 
to remove the adhering Sulphuric Acid. It is finally heated 
until nitrous odors are no longer perceptible. 
How is Citric Acid made? 

Citric Acid is obtained from lemon juice. The| juice is 
clarified by boiling and neutralized with chalk. The Calcium 
Citrate formed is decomposed by HgSO. The Calcium Sul- 
phate formed is removed by straining, and the Citric Acid 
allowed to crystallize. 
How is Gallic Acid prepared ? 

Gallic Acid is prepared by making a thin paste of Powdered 
Nutgall with water, and exposing to the air in a warm place 
for a month, adding water to make up for loss by evapora- 
tion. Then express, rejecting the liquid and boiling the resi- 
due with distilled water for a few minutes. Finally filter 
through Animal Charcoal and allow it to crystallize. The above 
is the usual way for preparing Gallic Acid. It is also prepared 

26 



by boiling the Tannic Acid with Dilute Acids, or mixing it 
with water and exposing to moist air. 
How is Tannic Acid prepared ? 

Tannic Acid is prepared by exhausting finely powdered 
Nutgall with water at a temperature of 104° F. This infu- 
sion is cooled and mixed with commercial Ether by agitation. 
The mixture separates into two layers ; the Ethereal or upper 
layer, which contains fat, coloring matter, etc., is removed, and 
the remaining aqueous fluid containing the Tannic Acid is 
evaporated to a syrupy consistence and dried. 
What is Pyrogallol ? 

Pyrogallol, also known as Pyrogallol Acid, is a Triatomic 
Phenol. It is obtained chiefly by the dry distillation of 
Gallic Acid. In the process Gallic Acid loses Carbon Dioxide. 
How is Hydrobromic Acid made. 

Hydrobromic Acid is made by adding moderately Diluted 
Sulphuric Acid to a hot saturated solution of Potassium Bro- 
mide. The Potassium Bromide is converted into Potassium 
Sulphate, time being given for it to crystallize out, and the so- 
lution of Hydrobromic Acid is poured off and distilled. 
What form of Hydrobromic Acid is official ? 

Diluted Hydrobromic Acid. 
What per cent of Absolute Acid does it contain ? 

Ten per cent. 
How is Hydrochloric Acid made ? 

Hydrochloric Acid is made by decomposing Sodium 
Chloride with Sulphuric Acid, and conducting the gas into 
water. The crude Acid of commerce is often obtained as a 
by-product. In the manufacture of Sodium or Potassium, 
Carbonates form the respective Chlorides. 
What is the percentage strength of Hydrochloric Acid ? 

It contains 31.9%, by weight, of Absolute Hydrochloric 
Acid. 
How is Hydrocyanic Acid made? 

Hydrocyanic Acid is made by decomposing a solution of 
Potassium Ferrocyanide with Sulphuric Acid, in a flask or 
retort, and conducting the resulting vapors into distilled 
water. It is also made by the action of Hydrochloric Acid 
on Silver Cyanide. 
What form of Hydrocyanic Acid is official ? 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. 
What is the strength ? 

It contains 2%, by weight, of Absolute Hydrocyanic Acid. 
How does the official Hydrocvanic Acid differ from Sheele's 
Acid ? 

27 



The official Acid contains 2% of Absolute Acid, while Sheele*s 
Acid contains 5%. 
How is Hypophosphorus Acid made ? 

By decomposing any of the soluble Hypophosphites with 
an Acid yielding an insoluble compound. 
What form of Hypophosphorus Acid is official? 

Diluted Hypophosphorus Acid. 
What is the strength ? 

It contains 10% of Absolute Acid. 
How is Lactic Acid made ? 

Lactic Acid is made by fermenting milk-sugar or grape- 
sugar at a temperature between 77 and 95° F. and adding 
Chalk or Zinc Oxide to neutralize the Acid as fast as formed. 
Butyric Acid is apt to be produced if much free Acid is formed. 
The Calcium or Zinc Lactate formed is recrystallized and 
decomposed by means of Sulphuric Acid or Hydrogen Sul- 
phide ; the mixture filtered and the solution of Lactic Acid 
evaporated. 
What is the strength? 

It contains 75%, by weight, of Absolute Acid. 
How is Nitric Acid made ? 

Nitric Acid is made by treating Potassium or Sodium Nitrate 
with Sulphuric Acid. 
What is the strength ? 

It contains 68% of Absolute Acid. 
What is the percentage strength of Acid Nitric Dil ? 

It contains 10% of Absolute Acid. 
How is Nitrohydrochloric Acid made? 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid is made by mixing Nitric Acid and 
Hydrochloric Acid in a capacious glass vessel. 
What is the strength? 

Nitric Acid, 18%. Hydrochloric Acid, 82%. 
How is Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid made ? 

Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid is made by mixing 4 parts 
of Nitric Acid and 16 parts of Hydrochloric Acid in a capa- 
cious glass vessel ; and when effervescence has ceased, 78 parts 
of distilled water are added. 
What is the source of Oleic Acid ? 

Oleic Acid is found in nearly liquid fats. The official Acid 
is prepared by cooling commercial Oleic i^cid (red oil) to about 
41° F. then separating and preserving the liquid portion. 
How is Phosphoric Acid made ? 

Phosphoric Acid is made by boiling together Phosphorus, 
Nitric Acid and water. Phosphorus is oxidized by the Nitric 

28 



Acid to Phosphoric Anhydride, and this with the boiling 
water forms Phosphoric Acid. 
What is the strength ? 

It contains 85% of Absolute Orthophosphoric Acid. 
What is the strength of Diluted Phosphoric Acid ? 

It contains 10% of Absolute Orthophosphoric Acid. 
How is Salicylic Acid prepared ? 

Salicylic Acid is prepared by saturating Carbolic Acid with 
Soda. The Sodium Phenol formed is dried and treated with 
Carbon Dioxide, this forming Sodium Phenol Carbonate. 
Sodium Phenol Carbonate is then heated in a tightly closed 
vessel, which converts it into Sodium Salicylate. Finally the 
Sodium Salicylate is decomposed by the means of Hydrochloric 
Acid, and the Salicylic Acid is washed and allowed to crystal- 
lize. Salicylic Acid is obtained in small quantities by treating 
Oil of Wintergreen with Potassa and decomposing the result- 
ing Potassium Salt with an Acid. 
What is the source of Stearic Acid ? 

Stearic Acid is obtained from the more solid fats ; chiefly 
Tallow. 
How is Tartaric Acid prepared ? 

Tartaric Acid is made by neutralizing Argols Acid Potas- 
sium Tartrate in hot solution with Chalk, Calcium and 
Potassium Tartrates are formed, and then decomposing the 
remaining Potassium Tartrate with Calcium Chloride. The 
Calcium Tartrate formed is washed with water and treated with 
HgSO^ thus forming insoluble Calcium Sulphate of Tartaric 
Acid. The Acid is then concentrated and allowed to crystallize. 
How is Sulphuric Acid made .? 

Sulphuric Acid is made by burning Sulphur or Iron pyrites, 
and allowing the product of combustion, SOg, to mix with 
Nitrous fumes obtained from the decomposition of Sodium 
Nitrate, which changes SO 2 into SO 4, and this uniting with 
steam yields H3SO4. 
What is the strength? 

It contains 92.5% of Absolute Sulphuric Acid. 
What other forms of Sulphuric Acid are official ? 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid and Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. 
How are they made? 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid is made by diluting Sulphuric Acid 
with distilled water. It contains 10% by weight of Absolute 
Acid. 

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid is an alcohoHc solution of Sul- 
phuric Acid flavored with Tincture of Ginger and Oil of Cin- 
namon. It contains 10% by weight of official Sulphuric Acid. 

29 



How is Sulphurous Acid made? 

Sulphurous Acid is made by deoxidizing or reducing Sul- 
phurous Acid with Charcoal. It contains 6.4% of Sulphurous 
Acid gas. 
What change results when Sulphurous Acid is exposed to the air? 

It absorbs Oxygen and is converted into Sulphuric Acid. 
What is the per cent yield of Citric Acid from Lemon juice? 

About 7%. 
To what is the deep yellow color of crude Hydrochloric Acid of 
commerce due ? 

To organic traces of Iron. 

What are the white fumes noticed when Hydrochloric Acid is 
exposed to the air ? 

Ammonium Chloride. This is formed by the Acid acting on 
the moisture and Ammonia more or less present in the air. 
In making Diluted Sulphuric Acid should the Acid be added to 
the water, or the water to the Acid, and why ? 

The Acid should be gradually added to the water under 
constant stirring to lessen the amount of heat. 
What is the chemical antidote for the Mineral Acids ? 

Alkalies, for they neutralize them. 
What change takes place in Nitric Acid when exposed to sunlight? 
It undergoes decomposition ; a red color being imparted to 
it, due to the formation of Nitrogen Tetroxide. 
Upon what does the action of Nitrohydrochloric Acid as a sol- 
vent for gold depend ? 

On the free Chlorine which it contains. 
Which is the most corrosive of the official Acids ? 

Nitric Acid. 
At what temperature does Glacial Acetic Acid become a crystal- 
hne solid ? 

At a little below 59"" F. 
What Acid is considered the most useful ? 

Sulphuric Acid. 
What impurities are found in Oleic Acid ? 

Stearic and Palmitic Acids. 
What Acid increases the solubility of Boric Acid in water ? 

Hydrochloric Acid. 
What is the average dose of the Diluted Mineral Acids ? 

Ten to thirty minims. 
Which keep better, strong or weak solutions of Hydrocyanic Acid? 
Weak solutions of the Acid. 



ALCOHOL 

How is Alcohol obtained ? 

By the distillation of fermented saccharine fluids. 
Name the forms of Alcohol official, with their percentage strengths 
and specific gravities. 

Alcohol .... 91% by weight, or 94% by volume of 

Ethyl Alcohol. Specific gravity, 
0.820. 
Alcohol Deodoratum 92.5% by weight,or 95.1% by volume 

of Ethyl Alcohol. Specific gravity, 
0.816. 
Alcohol Dilutum . 41% by weight, or 48.6% by volume 

of Ethyl Alcohol. Specific gravity, 
0.938.' 
Alcohol Absolutum Ethyl Alcohol, containing not more 

than 1%, by weight, of water. 
Specific gravity, 0.797. 
What is the principal impurity of Alcohol ? 

Fusel oil or Amylic Alcohol. 
Give test for identifying it. 

If 25 cc of Alcohol be allowed to evaporate spontaneously 
in a porcelain capsule carefully protected from dust until only 
moisture is left, no red or brown color should be produced 
upon the solution of a few drops of concentrated Sulphuric 
Acid, proving the absence of any Fusel Oil. 
How much would 500 cc of Alcohol and 500 cc of water at 60° 
F. measure ? 
971 cc. 
How is Alcohol deodorized ? 

By treating it with Potassium Permanganate. 
How is Absolute Alcohol prepared ? 

By dehydrating Alcohol with freshly burned Lime. 
Into what preparation does Absolute Alcohol enter? 

Spirit of Phosphorus. 
What forms of Alcohol have been added to the U. S. P. of 1 890? 

Absolute and Deodorized Alcohol. 
How much Diluted Alcohol can be made from one gallon of a 
75% Alcohol. 

197.5 fluid ounces. 

AQUAS 

What are Aquas ? 

Aquas or Waters are solutions of Volatile substances in water. 
How many are official ? 

Eighteen. 

31 



How do Waters differ from Solutions ? 

Waters are solutions of Volatile substances ? while Solutions 
are solutions of Non- volatile substances. 
By what processes are the official Waters made ? 

By simple solution in cold water. Examples — Aqua 
Amygdalae Amaras, Aqua Creosoti. 

By passing gases through water. Example — Aqua Chlori, 
Aqua Ammonia. 

By filtration through an absorbent powder. Examples — 
Aqua Anisi, Aqua Cinnamoni. 

By distillation. Example — Aqua Distillata, Aqua Aurantii 
Florum Fortior, Aqua Rosae Fortior. 

By dilution. Examples — Aqua Rosae, Aqua Aurantii 
Florum. 
Learn the strength of the following Waters : — 

Bitter Almond Water . o.i%, by volume, of the oil 
Chlorine Water . . . 0.4%, by weight, of the gas 
Creosote Water . . . 1%, by volume, of Creosote 
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi About 3%, by weight, of the pure 

Dioxide, corresponding to about 
ten volumes of available Oxygen 
Stronger Ammonia Water 28%, by weight, of the gas 
Ammonia Water . . . 10%, by weight, of the gas 
Anise Water .... 0.2%, by volume, of the oil 
Peppermint Water . . 0.2%, by volume, of the oil 
Chloroform Water . . Saturated or about 0.5%, by 

volume of Choloform 
What official Waters are obtained as by-products, and from what? 
Aqua Rosae Fortier, obtained as a by-product in the dis- 
tillation of Oil of Rose. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior, obtained as a by-product in 
the distillation of Oil of Orange Flowers. 
What is the purest form of natural water ? 

Rain water. 
What Waters should be made immediately before use ^ 

Rose Water and Orange Flower Water. 
What is Aqua Laurocerasi ? 

Cherry Laurel Water, distilled from the leaves of Cherry 
Laurel. 
Upon what does the action of Cherry Laurel Water depend, and 
what per cent of this active principle does it contain ? 

Cherry Laurel Water is sedative in action, due to the Hy- 
drocyanic acid, of which it contains 0.1%. 
What official Water has a similar action to Cherry Laurel Water ? 
Bitter Almond Water. 

32 



How is Chlorine Water prepared ? 

By the action of Hydrochloric Acid on Manganese Dioxide. 
The gas thus generated is washed with water and passed into 
distilled water. 
Describe Chlorine Water. 

Chlorine Water is a clear greenish-yellow liquid having the 
suffocating odor and disagreeable taste of Chlorine. It instantly 
decolorizes dilute solutions of Litmus, Indigo and other 
vegetable coloring matters. 
What are the medicinal properties of Chlorine Water ? 

Antiseptic and Deodorant. 
What is the dose ? 

One to four fl. drachms. 
What is Oxygenated water ? 

Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. 
What is the difference between Labarraque's Solution and Ja- 
velle Water ? 

Labarraque*s Solution is a solution of Chlorinated Soda. 
Javelle Water is a solution of Chlorinated Potash. 
How is Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi made ? 

By the action of Phosphoric Acid upon Barium Dioxide. 
What is its medicinal property ? 

Antiseptic. 
What should be done with a solution of Hydrogen Dioxide that 
has become deficient in strength ? 

Reserve it for an occasion when a weaker or diluted solution 
is prescribed, or as a diluent of stronger solutions. 
What per cent must be added to 400 minims to bring the meas- 
ure up to one fluid ounce ? 
Twenty per cent. 
Give U. S. P. process for preparing a Water from Volatile Oil. 
The Oil is triturated with precipitated Calcium Phosphate, 
and water gradually added under constant trituration and 
filtered. 
How is Aqua Destillata prepared ? 

One thousand volumes of water are taken, the first 100 vol- 
umes distilled are thrown away ; 800 volumes are collected, 
and the last 100 volumes are, like the first 100 volumes, re- 
jected. The first 100 volumes contain volatile impurities, and 
the last 100 volumes, organic and mineral impurities. 
What is the test to prove the absence of organic or other oxidiz- 
able matters in distilled water ? 

On heating 100 cc. of distilled water, acidulated with 10 cc. 
of dil. Sulphuric Acid, to boiling and then adding i cc. of 
Centinormal Potassium Permanganate V. S., the color of the 

33 



liquid should not be completely destroyed by boiling for ten 
minutes, nor by afterwards setting the vessel aside well covered 
for ten hours. 
What quantity of Aqua Ammoniae can be prepared from lo fl. 
ozs. of the stronger Ammonia Water ? 
Twenty-eight fl. ozs. 
What is Soft Water ? 

Soft Water is a water in which soap can dissolve, and there- 
fore readily forms a lather without being precipitated. 
What is Hard Water ? 

Hard Water is a water in which soap, as fast as it dissolves, 
is precipitated by Calcium and Magnesium Salts, which are 
contained in the water. 
How can Hard Water be softened ? 

By boiling. 
Why is Precipitated Calcium Phosphate used in preference to 
Magnesia Carbonate in making some of the medicated waters ? 
Magnesia Carbonate is slightly soluble in water ; while Pre- 
cipitated Calcium Phosphate is almost insoluble in water. 
How is the strength of Aqua Ammoniae Fortior determined? 

By the amount of normal Sulphuric Acid it will neutralize. 
Into what preparation does Stronger Ammonia Water enter ? 

Spirit of Ammonia. 
Name four official waters that are made by gaseous solution. 

Stronger Ammonia Water, Ammonia Water, Chlorine 
Water and Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxide. 
Why does the U. S. P. direct that Aqua Aurantii Florum For- 
tior be kept in loosely-stoppered bottles ? 

Because when tightly stoppered it acquires a disagreeable 
odor. 
Why should Chloroform Water be kept in amber-colored bottles ? 
Because light decomposes it, 'with the formation of Hydro- 
chloric Acid. 
Why should an excess of Chloroform be in Chloroform Water? 
On account of the volatility of Chloroform, there should al- 
ways be an excess of it to insure a saturated solution. 
What is Aqua Phagedaenica ? 

Yellow Wash. 
Why should Aqua Regia, in dissolving gold, form the Chloride 
and not the Nitrate ? 

On account of the free Chlorine present in the Aqua Regia 
or Nitrohydrochloric Acid. 

34 



CERATES 

What are Cerates ? 

Cerates are fatty preparations of a finer consistence than 
Ointments,, intended to be applied as dressings, and usually 
spread on linen or soft leather. 
How many are official ? 

Six. 
Name the official Cerates with their ingredients. 

Ceratum White Wax and Lard. 

Ceratum Camphorae . Camphor Liniment, White Wax 

and Lard. 
Ceratum Cantharides . Cantharides, No. 60 powder. Yel- 
low Wax, Resin, Lard and Oil of 
Turpentine. 
Ceratum Cetacei . . Spermaceti, White Wax and Olive 

Oil. 
Ceratum Plumbi Suba- 

cetatis Solution of Lead Subacetate and 

Camphor Cerate. 
Ceratum Resinae . . . Resin, Yellow Wax and Lard. 
By what processes are the Cerates made ? 

All are made by Fusion, except Ceratum Plumbi Subace- 
tatis, which is made by Incorporation. 
What is the object of the Oil of Turpentine in Cerate of 
Cantharides ? 

To extract the blistering principle of Cantharides, Can- 
tharidin. 
What is Goulard's Cerate ? 

Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis. 
What is Basilicon Ointment ? 

Ceratum Resinae. 
In cold weather what change is made in the formula of Resin 
Cerate ? 

The Yellow Wax is reduced, and the Lard increased. 
Into what preparation does Resin Cerate enter? 

Liniment of Turpentine. 
What is Emplastrum Vesicans ? 

Cerate of Cantharides ? 
What is the difference between the formulas of Ceratum and 
Unguentum ? 

Ceratum is composed of 30 parts of White Wax and 70 
parts of Lard. 

Unguentum is composed of 20 parts of Yellow Wax and 
80 parts of Lard. 

35 



COLLODIONS 

What are Collodions ? 

Collodions are solutions of Pyroxylin in Ether and Alcohol, 
which, when applied to the skin, form a protective film, owing 
to the rapid volatilization. 
How many are official ? 

Four. 
Name the official Collodions and give their ingredients. 

Collodium Pyroxylin, Ether and Alcohol. 

Collodium Cantharidatum Cantharides, Flexible Collodion 

and Chloroform. 
Collodium Flexible . . Collodion, Canada Turpentine 

and Castor Oil. 
Collodium Stypticum . . Collodion, Tannic Acid, Alcohol 

and Ether. 
What Is the basefof the Collodions ? 

Pyroxylin. 
Give the ingredients and synonyms of Pyroxylin. 

Pyroxylin — Purified Cotton, Nitric Acid, Sulphuric Acid, 
Alcohol, Ether and Water. 

Synonyms, — Soluble Gum Cotton and Colloxylin. 
Upon what does the styptic property of Styptic Collodion depend ? 

Tannic Acid. 
What is the object of Alcohol and Ether in Styptic Collodion? 

To help the solution of the large proportion of Tannic Acid. 
How should the Collodions be stored ? 

In cork-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, remote from light 
or fire. 
How should the Collodions be dispensed ? 

In small round-cornered vials, with a cork through which a 
camel-hair pencil has been passed and properly fastened. 
What is Blistering Collodion ? 
Cantharidal Collodion. 



36 



DECOCTIONS 

What are Decoctions ? 

Decoctions are liquid preparations made by boiling vegetable 
substances with water. 
How many are official ? 

Two. 
Give ingredients of the official Decoctions. 

Decoctum Cetrariae, — Cetraria and water. 
Decoctum Sarsaparillae Compositum, — Sarsaparilla, Sassa- 
fras, Guaiacum Wood, Glycyrrhiza, Mezereum and water. 
How is Decoction of Cetraria prepared ? 

By macerating Cetraria with cold water for half an hour ; the 
water is then thrown away, and the Cetraria boiled with fresh 
water for half an hour. It is then strained and enough cold 
water added through the strainer to make looo cc. 
What is the object of macerating the Cetraria for half an hour ? 

To remove impurities and bitter principle, Cetraric Acid. 
In preparing Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla why are the 
Sassafras, Liquorice and Mezereum added after the other drugs 
have been boiled ? 

Because boiling would drive off their volatile principles. 
What should be the strength of a Decoction not directed by the 
Physician, nor specified by the Pharmacopoeia ? and how long 
should the drug be boiled ? 

Five per cent. Fifteen minutes. 



37 



ELIXIRS 



What are Elixirs ? 

Elixirs are aromatic, sweetened, alcoholic preparations, con- 
taining small quantities of active medicinal substances. 
How many are official ? 

Two. 
Give ingredients of the official Elixirs. 

Aromatic Elixir, — Compound Spirit of Orange, Syrup, Pre- 
cipitated Calcium Phosphate, Deodorized Alcohol and dis- 
tilled water. 

Elixir of Phosphorus, — Spirit of Phosphorus, Oil of Anise, 
Glycerin and Aromatic Elixir. 
State dose and Phosphorus strength of Elixir of Phosphorus. 
Dose, 1 5 to 75 mins. Strength, each cc of the Elixir represents 
about one-fourth millegramme, 0.00025 gm. of Phosphorus. 



38 



EMULSIONS 

What are Emulsions ? 

Emulsions are milky, liquid preparations made by suspend- 
ing Oils or Resins in water, by the intervention of some 
mucilaginous or Alkaline substance. 
What are the two classes of Emulsions ? 

Natural Emulsions, those found in nature ready formed, 
such as milk, yolk of egg and the milky juices of plants. 

Artificial or Prepared Emulsions, those that do not exist 
already formed, but are prepared by the Pharmacist. 
On what principle is Emulsification based ? 

To break up the Oil or Resin so that each particle will 
become enveloped in a thin mucilaginous coat, and thus be 
prevented from uniting with its fellows. 
Name the official Emulsions. 

Emulsions of Ammoniae, Asafetida, Chloroform and 
Almond. 
With what preparations were they classed in the U. S. P. of 1 880 ? 

They were classed with the Mixtures. 
Name some emulsifying agents. 

Acacia, Tragacanth, Milk, Yolk of Egg, Soap Bark, Irish 
Moss and Gelatin. 
What emulsifying agent is considered the best for general use ? 

Acacia. 
What objection is there to the use of Yolk of Egg as an emulsifier ? 

Emulsions made with it do not keep well. 
Describe the two usual methods for making Emulsions. 

Continental Method, — Place the gum, in powder, in a clean, 
dry Wedgwood mortar, add the oil and triturate with a flat- 
bottomed pestle until evenly mixed. Add the water all at 
once and stir briskly until the mixture thickens and appears 
almost white. To this more water may be added without risk. 
Proportions of ingredients are as follows : Oil 4 parts. Gum i 
part and water 2 parts. 

English Method, — Make a stiflF mucilage with the Gum 
and water, add the oil by degrees, each portion being thoroughly 
incorporated before the addition of the next, and lastly add 
the remainder of the water in divided portions. 
In preparing an Emulsion from a Volatile Oil, should more or 
less Gum be used than with a Fixed Oil. 

More Gum than with a Fixed Oil. Twice as much Fixed Oil. 
How should four ounces of a 50% Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil 
be made ? 



The quantities to make the primary Emulsion are : 
Cod Liver Oil, — 2 fl. ozs. 
Powd. Acacia, — 4 drs. 
Water, — i fl. oz. 
Place the Powd. Acacia in a dry mortar, add the Oil and 
rub until smooth ; then add the water all at once, and rub 
until a perfect Emulsion is formed. Then add the remainder 
of the water to make 4 ozs. 



40 



EXTRACTS 

What are Extracts ? 

Extracts are solid or semi-solid preparations produced by 
evaporating solutions of vegetable principles. 
How many are official ? 

Thirty-three. 
What are the menstruums employed in the preparation of the 
Extracts ? 

Alcohol, Alcohol and Water, Water, Diluted Acetic Acid and 
Ammonia Water. 
Under what head are Ethereal Extracts classed in the U. S. P.? 

Oleoresins. 
What Extract is prepared from the juice of a fresh plant? 

Extract of Taraxacum. 
What Extracts contain Acetic Acid in their formulas ? 

Extract of Colchicum Root, Conium and Nux Vomica. 
What Extracts are prepared with water ? 

Extracts of Gentian, Logwood, Krameria, Opium and 
Quassia. 
What Extract is prepared by simple evaporation of the Fluid 
Extract ? 

Extract of Ergot. 
Should you have an urgent call for the Extract of a drug, and 
have nothing but the Fluid Extract of the drug, would you 
act as in the case of Ergot ? 
Yes. 
In what Extracts is Sugar of Milk used and for what purpose ? 
Extract of Nux Vomica and Extract of Opium. 
To make up bulk. 
What per cent of Morphine should Extract of Opium yield ? 

Eighteen per cent. 
What per cent of total Alkaloids should Extract of Nux Vomica 
yield ? 

Fifteen per cent. 
What is the object of the Ether in the formula of Extract of 
Nux Vomica ? 

To extract the Fixed Oil present in the seed. 
Into what preparation does Extract of Jalap enter? 

Compound Cathartic Pills and Vegetable Cathartic Pills. 
What are the ingredients of Compound Extract of Colocynth ? 
Extract of Colocynth, Purified Aloes, Cardamon, Resin of 
Scammony, Soap and Alcohol. 

41 



Into what preparation does Extract Colocynth Comp. enter? 
Compound Cathartic Pills and Vegetable Cathartic Pills. 
What change was made in the formula of Fluid Extract of Ipecac ? 
A mixture of Alcohol and water is used instead of Alcohol 
alone, as it was found that a portion of the active principle. 
Emetine, escapes solution when Alcohol alone is used. 
What direction does the U. S. P. give for preserving Extracts 
such as Gentian, Rhubarb, etc., in a plastic condition for mak- 
ing into pills ? 

To incorporate them while yet warm with io% of their 
weight of Glycerin. 
Learn the following doses of the Extracts. 

Extract of Aconite tV ^° /i g^- 

" " Belladonna ^ to ^^ gr. 

" Canabis Indica ^ to i gr. 

Digitalis ^ to i gr. 

Opium i^ to I gr. 

" " Nux Vomica i^ to i gr. 

" " Hyoscyamus i to 2 grs. 

" " Physostigma -rw ^^ % E^' 

" " Colchicum root i^ to 3 grs. 

What are the common names of the following Animal drugs ? 
Sus Scrofa, Bos Taurus, Coccus Cacti, Ovis Aries, Gadus 
Morrhua, Acipenser Huso, Physeter Macrocephalus and 
Apis Mellifica. 

Sus Scrofa The Hog. 

Bos Taurus The Ox. 

Coccus Cacti Cochineal. 

Ovis Aries The Sheep. 

Gadus Morrhua The Cod. 

Acipenser Huso The Sturgeon. 

Physeter Macrocephalus The Sperm Whale 

Apis Mellifica The Honey Bee. 



cc 

(( (( 

(C (C 



42 



FLUID EXTRACTS 

What are Fluid Extracts ? 

Fluid Extracts are concentrated Alcoholic or Hydro- 
alcoholic solutions of such strength as to represent one gramme 
of the drug. 
How many are official ? 

Eighty-eight. 
Give the general formula for preparing the Fluid Extracts. 

One thousand gm. of the powdered drug, of the prescribed 
degree of fineness, is thoroughly moistened with a certain 
quantity of the initial menstruum and packed more or less 
firmly in a cylindrical percolator ; the drug having been prop- 
erly covered with a paper diaphragm, enough menstruum is 
poured on to completely saturate the powder, and leave stra- 
tum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per- 
colator close the lower orifice, and having closely covered the 
percolator to prevent evaporation, macerate for 48 hours. 
Then allow percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding 
menstruum until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first 
700 to 900 cc. of the percolate, and evaporate the remainder 
at a temperature not exceeding 122° F., to a soft Extract. 
Dissolve this in the reserved portion and add enough men- 
struum to make the Fluid Extract measure 1000 cc. 
What Fluid Extracts are not made according to the above 
formula ? 

Fluid Extracts of Castanea, Nux Vomica, Triticum and 
Wild Cherry. 
Name six Fluid Extracts that contain Glycerin. 

Fluid Extracts of Hydrastis, Krameria, Wild Cherry, Cot- 
ton Root Bark, Cinchona and Pareira. 
Why is Glycerin used ^ 

It acts as a preservative. ' 
What Fluid Extracts contain Acetic Acid ? 

Fluid Extracts of Conium, Ergot, Nux Vomica and San- 
guinaria. 

Why is Acetic Acid used in preparing them ? 

To facilitate the extraction of their active principles. 
What Fluid Extracts contain Ammonia Water ? 

Fluid Extracts of Liquorice and Senega. 
What is the object of the Ammonia Water in Fluid Extract of 
Liquorice ? 

To insure the complete solution of the sweet principle, 
Glycyrrhizin. 

43 



What is the object of the Ammonia Water in Fluid Extract of 
Senega ? 

To prevent the gelatinization of the pectinous principle in 
the Senega. 
What Fluid Extract is prepared from an official powder ? 

Aromatic Fluid Extract. 
What are the ingredients of Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsa- 
parilla ? 

Sarsaparilla, Glycyrrhiza, Sassafras, Mezereum, Glycerin, 
Alcohol and water. 
What is the difference in strength between Fluid Extract of 
Aconite and the Tincture ? 
Sixty-five per cent. 
What are Liquid Extracts ? 

Fluid Extracts. 
Name five Fluid Extracts that have been added to the U. S. P. 
of 1890. 

Fluid Extracts of Asclepias, Convallaria, Scoparius, Meni- 
spermum and Cascara Sagrada. 
What quantity of total Alkoloids, when assayed, should 100 cc. 
of Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica contain ? 
1.5 grammes of total Alkaloids. 
Into what preparations does Fluid Extract of Ipecac enter? 

Syrup of Ipecac, Tincture of Ipecac and Opium, and Wine 
^rJ of Ipecac. 
Learn the doses of the following Fluid Extracts. 



uid Ex 


tract c 


)f Aconite .... 


^ to I mm. 






' Buchu 


i^ to I fl. dr. 






' Belladonna Root 


I to 3 mins. 






* Indian Hemp 

' Cimicifuga 

' Chirata 


2 to 5 mins. 

14 to I fl. dr. 

. ^ to I fl. dr. 






* Colchicum Root . 


2 to 5 mins. 






' Colchicum Seed . 


I to 5 mins. 






' Conium 


I to 10 mins. 






' Digitalis .... 
'' Ergot 


I to 2 mins. 
14 to 4 fl. drs. 






'^ Frangula .... 
'' Cotton Root Bark . 


. J^ to 2 fl. drs. 
J/^ to 2 fl. drs. 






'' Hyoscyamus . . . , 
'^ Nux Vomica . 


3 to 10 mins. 
I to 4 mins. 






^* Cascara Sagrada . 
' Stramonium Seed 


i^ to I fl. dr. 
I to 4 mins. 






' Veratrum Viride . . 


I to 5 mins, 



44 



How many grains of Aconite Root does 3 fl. drs. of the Fluid 
Extract represent? 

One hundred and eighty grains. 
Why are not all Fluid Extracts evaporated at the same tem- 
perature ? 

Because several of them contain Volatile principles. 



45 



G. of Tannic Acid 
G. of Starch . 
G. of Boroglycerin 
G. of Hydrastis. 



GLYCERITES 

What are Glycerites ? 

Glycerites are solutions of medical substances in Glycerin. 
How many are official ? 

Six. 
Name the official Glycerites with their ingredients. 

G. of Carbolic Acid . Carbolic Acid and Glycerin. 

Tannic Acid and Glycerin. 
Starch, Water and Glycerin. 
Boric Acid and Glycerin. 
Hydrastis, Glycerin, Alcohol and 
water. 
G. of Yolk of Egg . . Fresh Yolk of Egg and Glycerin. 
What are the percentages of active ingredients in Glycerites of 
Carbolic and Tannic Acids ? 
Both are 20%. 
Are the Glycerites miscible with Alcohol and water ? 

Yes. 
What is the consistence of the Glycerites ? 

Five of them are liquid, and one, which is Glycerite of 
Starch, is a translucent jelly. 
Give the process for making Glycerite of Tannic Acid. 

Weigh the Tannic Acid and Glycerin, successively, into a 
tarred porcelain capsule, avoiding contact with metallic utensils, 
and apply the heat of a water-bath until the Acid is completely 
dissolved. 



46 



INFUSIONS 

What are Infusions ? 

Infusions are liquid preparations made by treating vegetable 
substances with either hot or cold water, but without boiling. 
How many are official ? 

Four. 
Give the ingredients of the official Infusions. 

Infusion of Cinchona — Cinchona, Aromatic Sulphuric Acid 
and water. 

Infusion of DigitaHs — Digitalis, Alcohol, Cinnamon Water, 
boiling water and cold water. 

Infusion of Wild Cherry — Wild Cherry and water. 
Compound Infusion of Senna — Senna, Manna, Magnesium 
Sulphate, Fennel, boiling water and cold water. 
By what processes are the Infusions made? 
By percolation and by hot maceration. 
Which of the Infusions are made by percolation and which by 
hot maceration ? 

Percolation — Infusion of Cinchona and Infusion of Wild 
Cherry. 

Hot maceration — Infusion of Digitalis and Compound 
Infusion of Senna. 
What is the object of the Aromatic Sulphuric Acid in the 
Infusion of Cinchona P 

To extract the Alkoloids of Cinchona, which are in the 
Infusion as Sulphates. 
Why is Infusion of Wild Cherry made by the cold process? 

Because heat would drive off the Hydrocyanic Acid developed. 
Which should be used in making Infusion of Quassia, hot or 
cold water, and why ? 

Cold water ; it keeps better, and because Quassin, the active 
principle of Quassia, is as soluble in cold as in hot water. 
Hot water would extract the starchy principle which is inert. 
State U. S. P. formula and process for making an Infusion, the 
strength of which is not directed by the physician, nor speci- 
fied by the Pharmacopoeia. 

The substance, coarsely comminuted ... 50 gm. 

Boiling water 1000 cc. 

Water, a sufficient quantity to make 1000 cc. 
Put the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a 
cover, pour upon it the boiling water, cover the vessel tightly 
and let it stand for half an hour. Then strain and pass enough 
water through the strainer to make the Infusion measure 
1000 cc. 

47 



Caution — The strength of powerful substances should be 
specially prescribed by the physician. 
What is Black Draught ? 

Compound Infusion of Senna. 
How is Infusion of Digitalis made? 

Boihng water is poured on bruised Digitalis contained in a 
suitable vessel, and allowed to macerate until the mixture is 
cold. Then strain, add the Alcohol and Cinnamon Water to 
the strained liquid and pass enough water through the residue 
on the strainer to make the product measure looo cc. 



48 



LINIMENTS 

What are Liniments ? 

Liniments are external preparations of an oily or spiritous 
consistence intended to be rubbed on the parts affected. 
How many are official ? 

Nine. 
Name the U. S. P. Liniments and give their ingredients. 

Lin. Ammoniae — Ammonia Water, Alcohol and Cotton 
Seed Oil. 

Lin. Belladonnae — Camphor and Fluid Extract of Bella- 
donna Root. 

Lin. Calcis — Solution of Lime and Linseed Oil. 
Lin Camphoras — Camphor and Cotton Seed Oil. 
Lin. Chloroformi — Chloroform and Soap Liniment. 
Lin. Saponis — Soap, Camphor, Oil of Rosemary, Alcohol 
and Water. 

Lin. Saponis Mollis — Soft Soap, Oil of Lavender Flowers, 
Alcohol and Water. 

Lin. Sinapis Comp. — Volatile Oil of Mustard, Fluid Ex- 
tract of Mezereum, Camphor, Castor Oil and Alcohol. 
Lin. Terebinthinae — Resin Cerate and Oil of Turpentine. 
What are the official Latin titles for the following : Carron Oil, 
Liquid Opodeldoc, Volatile Liniment and Kentish Liniment I 

Carron Oil Linimentum Calcis. 

Liquid Opodeldoc .... Linimentum Saponis. 
Volatile Liniment .... Linimentum Ammonise. 
Kentish Liniment .... Linimentum Terebinthinse 
What Liniments are prepared with heat ? 

Camphor and Turpentine Liniments. 
What precaution is necessary in making Liniment of Turpentine? 
Too much heat should not be used to melt the Resin Cerate 
for the Oil of Turpentine will volatilize. 
What Liniment is directed to be freshly made ? 

Liniment of Ammonia. 
Why is Lin. Calcis called Carron Oil ? 

Because it was used extensively at the great Carron Iron- 
works, Scotland, for the treatment of burns and scalds. 
What is the object of the Alcohol in Liniment of Ammonia? 
It prevents immediate separation, renders the mixture more 
uniform and binds the Oil and Aqueous constituents. 
What official Liniment was classed with the Tinctures in the 
U.S. P. of 1880? 

Linimentum Saponis Mollis. 

49 



What are the medicinal properties of Lin. Sinapis Comp.? 

Vesicant and Counter-irritant. 
Why does the U. S. P. direct that Soap Liniment be set aside 
' for 24 hours before filtering ? 

So that the Sodium Palmitate, which is always present in 
Castile Soap, might be deposited, which is then removed. 
Give process for making Camphor Liniment. 

Introduce the Camphor and Cotton Seed Oil into a suitable 
flask, and apply heat by means of a water-bath, loosely stop- 
pering the flask during the operation. Agitate from time to 
time until the Camphor is dissolved. 



60 



LIQUORS 

What are Liquors ? 

Liquors or Solutions are solutions of Non-volatile substances 
in Water. 
How many are official ? 

Twenty-four. 
By what processes are they made ? Give examples of each. 

By simple solution — Liquor Acidi Arsenosi. 

By chemical solution — Liquor Ammonii Acetatis and 
Liquor Ferri Chloridi. 
What solutions does the U. S. P. give two formulas for making ? 

Liq. Potassse and Liq. Sodae. 
Write the Latin official names with ingredients and doses for the 
four Hquid preparations of Arsenic. State the per cent of 
Arsenic in each. 

Liquor Acidi Arsenosi — Arsenous Acid, Diluted Hydro- 
chloric Acid and Distilled Water. Dose, 2 to 6 mins. \%. 

Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi — Arsenic Iodide, Red 
Mercuric Iodide and Distilled Water. Dose, 2 to 6 mins. i%. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis — Potassium Bicarbonate, Arsenous 
Acid, Comp. Tinct. of Lavender and Distilled Water. Dose, 
2 to 6 mins. \%. 

Liquor Sodii Arsenatis — Sodium Arsenate and Distilled 
Water. Dose 2 to 6 mins. i%. 
Learn the following : 

Spirit of Minderenus, or Liq. Ammonii Acetatis. 

Donovan's Solution, or Liq. Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi. 

Lime Water, or Liq. Calcis. 

Basham's Mixture, or Liq. Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis. 

Monsel's Solution, or Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis. 

Lugol's Solution, or Liq. lodi Compositus. 

Goulard's Extract, or Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis. 

Lead Water, or Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus. 

Fowler's Solution, or Liq. Potassii Arsenitis. 

Liquid Glass, or Liq. Sodii Silicatis. 

Labarraque's Solution, or Liq. Potassii Citratis. 

Burnett's Fluid, or Liq. Zinci Chloridi. 

Valangin's Solution, or Liq. Acidi Arsenosi. 
What test does the U. S. P. give to determine the amount of 
Arsenic in Liq. Potassii Arsenitis and Liq. Acidi Arsenosi ? 

If 24.7 cc of either solution be boiled for a few minutes 
with 2 gm. of Sodium Bicarbonate and the solution, when cold, 
diluted with Water to 100 cc. and mixed with a little Starch T. 
S., it should require from 49.4 to 50 cc. of decinormal Iodine, 

51 



V. S. to produce the blue color or tint of Iodide of Starch, 
corresponding to i gm. of Arsenous Acid in lOO cc. of the 
solution. 
What amount of Arsenous Acid is contained in lo minims of 
Liq. Acidi Arsenosi ? 

One-tenth gr. 
What should be dispensed when Solution of Persulphate of Iron 
has been prescribed by the physician ? 

Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis. 
Give ingredients of Basham's Mixture. 

Tinct. of Ferric Chloride, Diluted Acetic Acid, Solution of 
Ammonium Acetate, Aromatic Elixir, Glycerin and Water. 
What is the color of Basham's Mixture ? 

A deep red. 
What change was made in the formula of Basham's Mixture ? 

Glycerin is used in the place of Syrup and acts as a pre- 
servative. 
What important point must be observed in making Basham's 
Mixture ? 

It is important that the solution be not Alkaline, so that 
on the addition of the Diluted Acetic Acid there should be an 
excess of Acid, thus preventing the formation of Basic Ferric 
Acetate when the Tinct. of Ferric Chloride is added. 
Learn the ingredients of the following : 

Liquor of Ammonii Acetatis — Ammonium Carbonate and 
Diluted Acetic Acid. 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis — Ferrous Sulphate, Sulphuric 
Acid, Nitric Acid and Dist. Water. 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis — Red Mercuric Oxide, Nitric 
Acid and Dist. Water. 

Liquor lodi Comp. — Iodine, Potassium Iodide and Dist. 
Water. 

Liquor Magnesii Citratis — Magnesium Carbonate, Citric 
Acid, Syrup of Citric Acid, Potassium Bicarbonate and Water. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis — Lead Acetate, Lead Oxide 
and Dist. Water. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus — Solution of Lead Sub- 
acetate and Dist. Water. 

Liquor Potassii Citratis — Potassium Bicarbonate, Citric 
Acid and Water. 

Liquor Sodas Chloratae — Sodium Carbonate, Chlorinated 
Lime and Water. 
What is the object of Hydrochloric Acid in the formula of Liq. 
Acidi Arsenosi ? 

To increase the solubility of the Arsenous Acid. 

52 



What is the object of Tinct. Lavender Comp. in Fowler's 
Solution? 

To give color and taste, prevent mistake and to act as a 
preservative. 
Why does the U. S. P. direct that the Sodium Arsenate be 
heated in making the Liquor ? 

To deprive it of its water of crystallization, and so render 
the product uniform in strength. 
What official Liquor has a specific gravity more than twice that 
of water ? 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis, specific gravity, 2.100. 
How is Solution of Citrate of Magnesia made, and what reaction 
takes place ? 

The Citric Acid is dissolved in 120 cc. of Water, add the 
Magnesium Carbonate and stir until dissolved. Filter the 
Solution into a strong bottle of the capacity of about 360 cc, 
containing the Syrup of Citric Acid, then add enough Water 
to nearly fill the bottle, drop in the Potassium Bicarbonate, 
immediately close the bottle with a cork and secure it with 
twine. Lastly shake the mixture occasionally until the Po- 
tassium Bicarbonate is dissolved. 
Why is it best to keep bottles containing Solution of Citrate of 
Magnesia lying on their sides ? 

The Solution is then in contact with the cork and keeps it 
swollen ; thus preventing the escape of gas. 
What Solutions are to be made only when wanted for immedi- 
ate use ? 

Liq. Ammonii Acetate, Liq. Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis and 
Liq. Potassii Citratis. 
What should be dispensed for Solution of Morphine, and how 
does it compare in strength of Morphine with Magendie*s 
Solution ? 

Liquor Morphinae Sulphatis, U. S. P. 1870, which con- 
tained I grain of Morphine Sulphate in each fluid ounce of 
Distilled Water, previously boiled and cooled. 

Magendie's Solution is made by dissolving 16 grs. of Mor- 
phine Sulphate in 10 ozs. of Distilled Water previously boiled 
and cooled. 
How is Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus made? 

By mixing 30 cc. of Liq. Plumbi Subacetatis with enough 
Distilled Water, previously boiled and cooled, to make the 
product measure 1000 cc. 
How is Liq. Sodii Silicatis made ? 

By fusing together a mixture of finely powdered quartz and 
dried Sodium Carbonate. 

53 



What are the uses of Liq. Sodii Silicatis ? 

It is used on cloth to make bandages stiff and unyielding. 
What per cent of respective Hydrates do Liq. Potassae and Liq. 
Sodas contain ? 

Five per cent of their respective Hydrates. 
How is Lime Water made ? 

By slaking Lime with Water (by the gradual addition of 
water) macerating it in Water for half an hour, allow the mix- 
ture to settle, decant the liquid and throw it away and add 
Distilled Water to the purified residue, and from time to time 
shake the bottle, so as to keep the Solution saturated. 
What form of Calcium is in Lime Water ? 

Calcium Hydrate. 
What per cent of it? 

iV% at 59° F., and diminishing as the temperature rises. 
Why should there be undissolved Lime in Liq. Calcis ? 

To insure a saturated Solution. 
When Lime Water has been exposed what chemical change 
results ^ 

It absorbs Carbon Dioxide from the air, and part of the 
Calcium Hydrate is converted into Calcium Carbonate. 
How could the Calcium Carbonate that had formed in a Lime 
Water bottle be removed P 

By washing it with a little Hydrochloric Acid, which con- 
verts it into the soluble Calcium Chloride. 
What per cent of available Chlorine does Labarraque's Solution 
contain ? 

At least 2.6% by weight. 
Into what preparation does Lime Water enter? 

Linimentum Calcis. 
What is the difference between Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis and Liq. 
Ferri Tersulphatis ? 

Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis is a solution of Basic Ferri Sulphate, 

owing to the deficiency of the Sulphuric Acid in the formula; 

while Liq. Ferri Tersulphatis is a solution of Normal Ferric 

Sulphate, owing to the larger amount of Sulphuric Acid used. 

How can one solution be distinguished from the other ? 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis can be distinguished from Liq. 
Ferri Subsulphatis by its lighter color, lower density and by 
not separating white Ferric Sulphate upon adding one-half its 
volume of Sulphuric Acid. 
What are the medicinal properties of the above solutions ? 

Both are Styptic. 
What change has occurred in Donovan's Solution when the solu- 
tion is of a red color ? 

54 



Iodine has been liberated. 
Give ingredients and process of making Liq. Zinci Chloridi. 

Granulated Zinc, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid, Precipi- 
tated Zinc Carbonate and Distilled Water. 

The Zinc is digested with moderately Diluted Hydrochloric 
Acid until the Acid is saturated, the solution decanted, and 
after the addition of a small quantity of Nitric Acid, evapor- 
ated to dryness. The dry mass is next heated to fusion at a 
temperature not exceeding 239° F. Then let the mass cool, 
and dissolve in a sufficient quantity of Distilled Water to make 
the product weigh 1000 gm. Then add the Precipitated Zinc 
Carbonate, agitate the mixture occasionally during 24 hours, 
set aside until it has become clear by subsidence ; finally, sep- 
arate the clear solution by decantation, or by means of a siphon. 
What is the object of Nitric Acid in the solution ? 

To convert any iron present (derived from the zinc) into 
Ferric Chloride. 
What object does Precipitated Zinc Carbonate serve in the above ? 
It precipitates all iron (derived from the zinc) as Ferric 
Hydrate and thus a solution of Zinc Chloride is obtained. 
What per cent of Anhydrous Zinc Chloride does the solution 
contain ? 

About 50%. 
What are the medicinal uses of Solution of Zinc Chloride ? 

Disinfectant and Escharotic. 
What is Monsel's Solution ? 
Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis. 
What is the object of Nitric Acid in Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis and 
in Liq. Ferri Tersulphatis ? 

It converts Ferrous Sulphate into Ferric Sulphate. 
How is Liq. Acidi Arsenosi made P 

The Diluted Hydrochloric Acid is mixed with some of the 
Distilled Water and the Arsenous Acid added ; then boil the 
mixture until all the Arsenous Acid is dissolved. Filter and 
pass enough Distilled Water through the filter to make up the 
required amount. 
How is Donovan's Solution made ^ 

Powder the Arsenic Iodide and mix it with the Red Mer- 
curic Iodide by trituration. Add 150 cc. of Distilled Water 
and continue the trituration until solution is effected. Filter 
and pass enough Distilled Water through the filter to make the 
product measure 1000 cc, and mix thoroughly. 
How is Fowler's Solution made P 

Boil the Arsenous Acid and Potassium Bicarbonate with 
100 cc. of Distilled Water until solution is effected. Then add 

55 



enough Distilled Water to make the solution, when cold, meas- 
ure 970 cc; and lastly add the Comp. Tinct. of Lavender, 
and filter through paper. 
How is Liq. Sodii Arsenatis made ? 

Dissolve the Sodium Arsenate in a sufficient quantity of 
Distilled Water to make 100 cc. 
How many cc. of Fowler's Solution can be made from 2.5 gm. of 
Arsenous Acid ? 

Two hundred and fifty cc. 
How does Pearson's Solution differ from Liquor Sodii Arsenatis ? 
Liquor Sodii Arsenatis is about 10 times as strong as Pear- 
son's Solution. 
Why is it that in making Solution of Ferric Chloride the Solu- 
tion of Ferrous Chloride is added to the Nitric Acid instead 
of adding the Acid to the Solution ? 
To prevent frothing. 



56 



LOZENGES 

What are Lozenges ? 

Lozenges are solid masses of different sliapes, containing 
medicinal substances^ and are intended to be slowly dissolved 
in the mouth. 
How many are official ? 

Fifteen. 
Give the official Latin name for Lozenges. 

Troches. 
What is the base of the official Troches ? 

Sugar is used in all, except Troches of Cubeb, for which 
Extract of Glycyrrhiza is used. 
What is used for giving adhesiveness to the Lozenges ? 

Tragacanth and Acacia ; and Water or Syrup, plain or medi- 
cated, is used to supply the necessary moisture. 
Name the official Lozenges. 

Trochisci Acidi Tannici, Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi, 
Trochisci Catechu, Trochisci Cretae, Trochisci Cubebae, Tro- 
chisci Ferri, Trochisci Glycyrrhiza et Opii, Trochisci Krameriae, 
Trochisci Ipecacuanhas, Trochisci Menthas Piperitae, Trochisci 
Sodii Bicarbonatis, Trochisci Morphinae et Ipecacuanhas, Tro- 
chisci Potassii Chloratis, Trochisci Santonini and Trochisci 
Zingiberis. 
Give the ingredients of Troches of Liquorice and Opium, and 
Troches of Morphine and Ipecac. 

Troches of Liquorice and Opium — Extract of Glycyrrhiza, 
Powdered Opium, Acacia, Sugar, Oil of Anise and Water. 

Troches of Morphine and Ipecac — Morphine Sulphate, 
Ipecac, Sugar, Oil of Gaultheria and Mucilage of Tragacanth. 
How much Santonin in each Troche ? 

One-half grain. 
How much Powdered Opium in each Troche of Liquorice and 
Opium ? 

One-twelfth grain. 
How much Morphine Sulphate and how much Ipecac in each 
Troche of Morphine and Ipecac P 

One-fiftieth grain of Morphine Sulphate, and -^ gr. of 
Ipecac. 



57 



MASSES 

What are Masses ? 

Masses are pill-masses intended for preservation in bulk 
until required for use. 
How many are official ? 

Three. 
Give ingredients of the official Masses P 

Massa Copaibas — Copaiba, Magnesia and Water. 
Massa Ferri Carbonatis — Ferrous Sulphate, Sodium Car- 
bonate, Clarified Honey, Sugar, Syrup and Distilled Water. 

Massa Hydrargyri — Mercury, Glycyrrhiza, Althaea, Gly- 
cerin and Honey of Rose. 
What is Solidified Copaiba ? 

Massa Copaibae. 
What is Vallet's Mass ? 

Massa Ferri Carbonatis. 
What is Blue Pill ? 

Massa Hydrargyri. 
What chemical change takes place in making Vallet's Mass ? 

Ferrous Carbonate is formed by the action of the Sodium 
Carbonate on the Ferrous Sulphate, and the Sodium Sulphate 
which is also formed, is removed by washing with a mixture of 
Syrup and Distilled Water. 
How is Massa Copaibas made ? 

Six grammes of Magnesia are triturated with a little Water, 
in a capsule, until the powder is thoroughly dampened. Then 
gradually incorporate with it 94 gm. of Copaiba, so that a uni- 
form mixture may result, and heat on a water-bath for half an 
hour, frequently stirring. Lastly, transfer the mixture to a 
suitable vessel and set aside until it has acquired a pilular con- 
sistence. 
What per cent of Magnesia is used in making Massa Copaibae, 
and what object does it serve ? 

Six per cent or about -^ the weight of the Copaiba. The 
Magnesia combines with the Copaivic Acid, chemically, and 
solidifies the Copaiba. 
What object does the Water serve in the official formula of 
Massa Copaibae ? 

It aids in bringing about the solidification ; for it was found 
that in certain samples of Copaiba in which Water was absent, 
the Magnesia does not solidify the Copaiba. 



58 



MIXTURES 

What are Mixtures ? 

Mixtures are liquid preparations, containing suspended 
insoluble substances ; they are used internally. 
How many are official ? 
Four. 

Give the ingredients of the official Mixtures. 

Mist. Cretae — Compound Chalk Powder, Cinnamon Water 
and Water. 

Mist. Ferri Comp. — Ferrous Sulphate, Myrrh, Sugar, 
Potassium Carbonate, Spirit of Lavender and Rose Water. 

Mist. Glycyrrhizae Comp. — Pure Extract of Liquorice, 
Syrup, Mucilage of Acacia, Camphorated Tinct. of Opium, 
Wine of Antimony, Spirit of Nitrous Ether and Water. 

Mist. Rhei et Sodas — Sodium Bicarbonate, Fluid Extract 
of Rhubarb, Fluid Extract of Ipecac, Glycerin, Spirit of Pep- 
permint and Water. 
What Mixtures are to be made when wanted ? 

Mistura Cretae and Mistura Ferri Composita. 
What is Brown Mixture ? 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. 
What is Griffith's Mixture ? 

Mistura Ferri Composita. 
What chemical change takes place in making Griffith's Mixture ? 
There is a reaction between the Ferrous Sulphate and the 
Potassium Carbonate, resulting in the formation of Ferrous 
Carbonate and Potassium Sulphate. 
Why does the U. S. P. direct that the Myrrh in Griffith's Mix- 
ture be in small pieces and not in powder ? 

In powder it is more liable to be adulterated and to lose its 
Volatile Oil. 
What changes have been made in the formula of Brown 
Mixture ? 

Syrup and Mucilage of Acacia are now used instead of 
Sugar and Powdered Acacia. 
What change takes place when Griffith's Mixture is exposed to 
the air ? 

Ferrous Carbonate is converted into Ferric Carbonate. 
What is the A. C. E. Mixture .? 

An Anaesthetic Mixture composed of i part Alcohol, 2 parts 
Chloroform and 3 parts Ether. 



59 



OILS 

Into what classes are Oils divided? 

They are divided into Fixed or Non- Volatile and Volatile or 
Resential or Ethereal. 
How could a Volatile Oil be distinguished from a Fixed Oil ? 

A Volatile Oil does not leave a permanent stain or mark on 
paper, while a Fixed Oil does. 
From what are Oils obtained ? 

From Vegetables and Animals. 
Name four groups into which Volatile Oils are classified, and 
give an example of each. 

Terpenes. Example — Oil of Turpentine. 

Oxygenated Oils. Example — Oil of Cinnamon. 

Nitrogenated Oils. Example — Oil of Bitter Almonds. 

Sulphurated Oils. Example — Volatile Oil of Mustard. 
State which of the following Oils are Fixed and which are Vola- 
tile, Lard Oil, Oil of Bitter Almond, Oil of Anise, Oil of Berga- 
mot. Expressed Oil of Almond, Oil of Orange Peel, Oil of 
Cade, Oil of Orange Flowers, Cotton Seed Oil, Olive Oil, 
Croton Oil, Oil of Thyme, Oil of Theobroma, Oil of Copaiba, 
Castor Oil, Oil of Tar and Sesami Oil ? 

Lard Oil Fixed. 

Oil of Bitter Almond Volatile. 

Oil of Anise Volatile. 

Oil of Bergamot Volatile. 

Expressed Oil of Almond Fixed. 

Oil of Orange Peel Volatile. 

Oil of Cade Volatile. 

Oil of Orange Flowers Volatile. 

Cotton Seed Oil Fixed. 

Olive Oil Fixed. 

Croton Oil Fixed. 

Oil of Thyme Volatile. 

Oil of Theobroma Fixed. 

Oil of Copaiba Volatile. 

Castor Oil Fixed. 

Oil of Tar Volatile. 

Sesami Oil Fixed. 

What two Empyreumatic Oils are recognized by the U. S. P.? 

Oil of Cade and Oil of Tar. 
What is the difference between a Drying and a Non-drying Oil ? 

A Drying Oil is a Fixed Oil which, on exposure to air, grad- 
ually thickens, and if spread in thin layers hardens and has a 
varnish-like appearence. A Non-drying Oil does not solidify. 

60 



Give an example of a Drying and a Non-drying Oil ? 

Drying Oil Linseed Oil. 

Non-drying Oil Olive Oil. 

With what are the Volatile Oils often adulterated, and how could 
these adulterants be detected ? 

The adulterants are Alcohol, Fixed Oils and inferior grades 
of Oils. 

Alcohol is detected by shaking the Oil in a test-tube with 
Water or Glycerin; the Oil will occupy less space and the 
Water or Glycerin more. 

Fixed Oils are detected by the permanent greasy stain which 
they leave on paper. 

Inferior grades of Oil can be detected only by smell. 
What should be dispensed when Oil of Turpentine is prescribed 
for internal use ? 

Rectified Oil of Turpentine. 
How is Rectified Oil of Turpentine prepared ? 

By shaking Oil of Turpentine with six times its volume of 
Lime Water and redistilling. This removes Resin and other 
impurities. 
What is Spirit of Turpentine ? 

Oil of Turpentine. 
Learn the following. 

Croton Oil from the seed of Croton Tiglium, 



Oil of Thyme 

Oil of Theobroma . 
Volatile Oil of Mustard . 
Sesami Oil . 
Oil of Santal . 
Oil of Rosemary 



Castor Oil . 
Oil of Rose 



Olive Oil . 
Oil of Bay . 

Cod Liver Oil 



Oil of Lavender Flowers 



Oil of Juniper 



from the leaves and flowering tops of 

Thymus vulgaris, 
from the seed of Theobroma Cacao, 
from Black Mustard, 
from the seed of Sesamum indicum. 
from the wood of Santalum album. 
from the leaves of Rosmarinus 

officinalis, 
from the seed of Ricinus communis, 
from the fresh flowers of Rosa 

damascena. 
from the ripe fruit of Olea Europcea. 
from the leaves of Myrcia acris. rl 
from the fresh livers of Gadus 

Morrhua, and of other species of 

Gadus. 
from the fresh flowers of Laven- 

dula officinalis. 
from the fruit of Juniperus com- 

munis. 



61 



Oil of Gaultheria . . . from the leaves of Gaultheria pre- 

cumbens. 
Oil of Eucalyptus . . from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus 

globulus and some other species 
of Eucalyptus. 
Oil of Cinnamon . . from Cassia Cinnamon. 
Oil of Cajuput . . . from the leaves of Melaleuca 

Leucadendron. 
Volatile Oil of Betula . from the bark of Betula lenta, 

Sweet Birch. 
Oil of Bergamot . . . from the rind of the fresh fruit of 

Citrus Bergamia. 
Oil of Orange Flowers . from the fresh flowers of the Bitter 

Orange, Citrus vulgaris. 
Oil of Orange Peel . . from the fresh peel of either the 

Bitter Orange, Citrus vulgaris, 
or the Sweet Orange, Citrus 
aurantium. 
Expressed Oil of Almond from Bitter or Sweet Almond. 
Oil of Cade .... from the wood of Juniperus Oxy- 

cedrus. 

Lard Oil from Lard. 

Cotton Seed Oil . . . from the seed of Gossypium her- 
/ baceum and of other species of 

' Gossypium. 

What Volatile Oils are heavier than Water ? 

Oil of Gaultheria, Oil of Sassafras, Oil of Bitter Almond, 
Oil of Cloves, Oil of Cinnamon, Oil of Pimenta and Volatile 
Oil of Mustard. 
What Fixed Oils are heavier than Water P 

No Fixed Oils are heavier than Water ? 
What is the heaviest Volatile Oil ? 

Oil of Gaultheria. 
What effect has exposure to light and air on the Volatile Oils ? 
Ozone is developed, and they thicken and deposit crystalline 
compounds. 
What deposit is sometimes found in Oil of Bitter Almond? 

Benzoic Acid. 
Of what two principles do Volatile Oils consist, and state their 
consistencies. 

Olein, a liquid, Stearin and Palmitin, solids. 
Why do some Oils solidify more quickly than others ? 

Because their solid constituents are greater. 
What Fixed Oils are soluble in Alcohol ? 
Castor and Croton Oils. 

62 



What crystalline substance separates from Oil of Peppermint 
when it is exposed to a freezing temperature? 
Menthol. 
By what process are the Fixed Oils extracted ? 

By expression. 
In expressing, what Fixed Oil does the U. S. P. direct that heat 
be not employed ? 
Linseed Oil. 
By what process are the Volatile Oils principally extracted ? 

By distillation. 
What Official Oils are macerated in Water before distillation, 
and why ? 

Oil of Bitter Almond and Volatile Oil of Mustard. The 
Oils do not pre-exist in the respective drugs ; in the Bitter 
Almond the Emulsion and Amygdalin react in the presence 
of Water, and in the Black Mustard a reaction takes place 
between tlie Myrosin and the Potassium Myronate in the 
presence of Water. 
What Volatile Oils are obtained by expression ? 

Oil of Orange, Oil of Bergamot and Oil of Bitter Almond. 
By shaking the Oil with Ferrous Chloride and Lime Water 
and then rectifying by distillation. 
What is the official Latin title for artificial Oil of Wintergreen ? 

Methyl-Salicylas. 
How is the liquid constituent of a Volatile Oil separated from 
the solid constituent ? 

By freezing the Oil and squeezing it between the folds of 
bibulous paper. The liquid portion, Eleopten, is absorbed by 
the paper, from which it is separated by distillation with 
water ; and the solid portion, Stearopten, remains between 
the folds of paper. 
State the medicinal properties and doses of the following Oils : 
Croton Oil, Castor Oil, Oil of Bitter Almond, Oil of Anise 
and Volatile Oil of Mustard. 

Croton Oil — Drastic Cathartic, dose ^ to i min. 
Castor Oil — Purgative, dose i to 4 fl. drs. 
Oil of Bitter Almond — Sedative, dose ^^ to i min. 
Oil of Anise — Carminative, dose i to 4 mins. 
Volatile Oil of Mustard — Counter-irritant, not given in- 
ternally. 
What is Ethereal Oil ? 

It is a volatile liquid consisting of equal volumes of Heavy 
Oil of Wine and Ether. It is made by distilling a mixture of 
equal parts of Sulphuric Acid and Alcohol, which has been 

63 



% 



previously allowed to stand on a sand-bath at a temperature 
of 302 to 320° F. for 24 hours. The ethereal liquid is sep- 
arated from the distillate and exposed to air to free it from 
Ether, and then drained on a well-wetted filter and washed 
with Cold Water. 
What is the official use of Ethereal Oil ? 

To make Compound Spirit of Ether. 
What Oils are derived by the action of ferments ? 

Oil of Bitter Almond and Volatile Oil of Mustard. 
For making what classes of preparations are the Volatile Oils 
chiefly used ? 

The Waters and Spirits. 
What Fixed Oil is an irritant poison ? 

Croton Oil. 
What per cent of Oil should ground Linseed yield when 
extracted with Carbon Bisulphide ? 
Not less than 25%. 
What is the percentage yield of Expressed Oil of Almond in 
Bitter and Sweet Almond respectively ? 

Thirty-five per cent from Bitter Almond ; 40% from Sweet 
Almond. 
What two products are obtained from distilling Turpentine ? 

Oil of Turpentine and Resin. 
What is Oleum Palmas Christi ? 

Castor Oil. 
What Volatile Oils are distilled from Oleoresins ? 

Oil of Copaiba, Oil of Tar and Oil of Turpentine. 
What U. S. P. Oil is obtained from the leaves of Melaleuca 
Leucadendron ? 
Oil of Cajuput. 
What are its medicinal properties ? 

Stimulant and Anthelmintic. 
What is European Oil ? 

Olive Oil. 
What is the botanical source of Oil of Rose ? 

Oil of Rose is a Volatile Oil distilled from the fresh flowers 
of Rosa Damascena — Damask Rose. 
What objection is there to Oils and Glycerin in baths ? 

The disagreeable odor of both of them, and in the case of 
Glycerin an irritating odorous substance called Acrelein is 
formed. 
What official Oils conform to the same reaction and tests as 
Methyl Salicylate? 

Oil of Gaultheria and Oil of Sweet Birch. 

64 



What two official Volatile Oils are liable to separate into a liquid 
portion, and what must be done with them ? 

Oil of Anise and Oil of Rose. They must be completely 
liquefied by warming before being dispensed. 
Name two Volatile Oils from which Stearoptens are obtained. 

Oil of Peppermint and Oil of Thyme. 
What is the active constituent of Oil of Cloves ? 

Eugenol. 
What is the active constituent of Oil of Anise ? 

Anethol. 
What per cent of Oil does Anise yield ? 

Two per cent. 
What is the medicinal property and dose of Oil of Savine ? 

Emmenagogue. Dose i to 3 mins. 
What is the source of Oil of Fleabane ? 

It is a Volatile Oil distilled from the fresh flowering herb of 
Erigeron Canadense. 
Name two important actions of Croton Oil. 

Drastic Cathartic and Vesicant. 
How is Cod Liver extracted ? 

The fresh livers are heated at a temperature not exceeding 
140° F. and the Oil allowed to separate from the watery ftuid, 
frozen, then expressed in canvas bags. A pure, slightly col- 
ored Oil is obtained ; the hard yellow residue consisting of 
Stearin and tissue is rejected. 
From what country is the best Cod Liver Oil obtained ? 

From Norway. 
What should be dispensed for Oleum Pulegii ? 

Oil of Pennyroyal. 
What advantage has Precipitated Calcium Phosphate over Mag- 
nesium Carbonate in making solutions of Volatile Oils ? 

It is insoluble in Water, while Magnesium Carbonate is 
slightly soluble. 
What objection is there to Absorbent Cotton for the above 
purpose ? 

On account of the waste. 
What is the source of Oil of Santal ? 

It is a Volatile Oil distilled from the wood of Santalum 
Alum, a small tree indigenous in Southern India and the 
East Indies. 
What are the medicinal uses and dose of Oil of Santal ? 

Used in Gonorrhoea. Dose 5 to 20 mins. 
Into what preparation does Ethereal Oil enter and how might 
its presence in this preparation be established .? 

It enters into Compound Spirit of Ether; the Spirit 

65 



becomes milky on adding Water to it, owing to the precipita- 
tion of Oil. 
What per cent of Ethereal Oil does Hoffmann's Anodyne 
contain ? 

Two and five-tenths per cent. On adding water to Hoff- 
mann's Anodyne the preparation becomes milky ; it would 
remain colorless if Ethereal Oil was absent. 



66 



OINTMENTS 

What are Ointments ? 

Ointments are fatty preparations of a softer consistence than 
Cerates, and are intended to be applied by inunction. 
How many are official ? 

Twenty-three. 
Name substances that are used as vehicles for Ointments. 

Lardj either plain or Benzoinated, Hydrous Wool-fat, Pe- 
troleum and various mixtures of Oil and Wax. 
By what processes are the Ointments made ? Give examples. 

By incorporation : Ung. Hydrargyri. 

By fusion : Ung. Aquae Rosas. 

By chemical reaction : Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
Give the official Ointments v/ith their ingredients. 

Unguentum — Lard and Yellow Wax. 

Ung. Acidi Carbolici — Carbolic Acid and Ointment. 

Ung. Acidi Tannici — Tannic Acid and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Aquae Rosae — Spermaceti, White Wax, Expressed 
Oil of Almond, Stronger Rose Water and Sodium Borate. 

Ung. Belladonnae — Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna Leaves, 
Diluted Alcohol and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Chrysarobini — Chrysarobin and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Diachylon — Lead Plaster, Olive Oil and Oil of 
Lavender Flowers. 

Ung. Gallae — Nutgall and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Hydrargyri — Mercury, Lard, Suet and Oleate of 
Mercury. 

Ung. Hydrargyri Ammoniati — Ammoniated Mercury and 
Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis — Mercury, Nitric Acid and 
Lard Oil. 

Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi — Yellow Mercuric Oxide 
and Ointment. 

Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri — Red Mercuric Oxide, 
Castor Oil and Ointment. 

Ung. lodi — Iodine, Potassium Iodide, Water and Ben- 
zoinated Lard. 

Ung. lodoformi — Iodoform and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Picis Liquidae — Tar, Yellow Wax and Lard. 

Ung. Plumbi Carbonatis — Lead Carbonate and Benzoin- 
ated Lard. 

Ung. Plumbi lodidi — Lead Iodide and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Potassii lodidi — Potassium Iodide, Sodium Hyposul- 
phite, Hot Water and Benzoinated Lard. 

67 



Ung. Stramonii — Extract of Stramonium Seed, Diluted 
Alcohol and Benzoinated Lard. 

Ung. Sulphuris — Washed Sulphur and Benzoinated Lard. 
Ung. Veretrinae — Veratrine, Olive Oil and Benzoinated 
Lard. 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi — Zinc Oxide and Benzoinated Lard. 
What advantage if any, has Benzoinated Lard over plain Lard 
as an Ointment base ? 

Ointments made with Benzoinated Lard keep better than 
those made with plain Lard. 
How is Benzoinated Lard prepared? 

By suspending two parts of Benzoin, in coarse powder, 
placed in a piece of coarse muslin, in one hundred parts of 
melted Lard, at a temperature not more than 140° F., for two 
hours, in a covered vessel ; then strain and stir occasionally 
while it cools. 
When Benzoinated Lard is to be kept or used during warm 
weather, what change does the U. S. P. direct to be made in 
its formula ? 

Five per cent or more, if necessary, of the Lard should be 
replaced by White Wax. 
What Ointments are directed to be freshly made when wanted ? 

Ointment of Iodine and Ointment of Iodoform. 
What is the object of the Borax in Ung. Aquae Rosae ? 

To increase the whiteness of the Ointment. 
What object does Oleate of Mercury serve in the Ointment of Hg? 

To extinguish the Mercury. 
What chemical reaction takes place in making Ung. Hydrargyri 
Nitratis ? 

The Nitric Acid acts on the Mercury and forms Mercuric 
Nitrate and the Olein of the Lard Oil is converted into Elaidin. 
What is the object of the Sodium Hyposulphite in Ung. Potassii 
lodidi? 

To prevent the liberation of Iodine, which turns the Oint- 
ment brown, and renders it irritating. 
How can the odor of Iodoform Ointment be masked? 

By the addition of a Volatile Oil, such as Oil of Cinnamon 
or Oil of Wintergreen. 
Learn the following common names of these Ointments : 

Cold Cream Ung. Aquae Rosae 

Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis 
Ung. Hydrargyri 
Ung. Hydrargyri Ammoniati 
Ung. Hydrargyri 

68 



Citrine Ointment 
Blue Ointment . 
White Precipitate 
Trooper's Ointment 



Learn the following percentages of Ointments: 

Ung. Acidi Carbolici 5% 

Ung. Acidi Tannici . 20% 

Ung. Belladonnae 10% 

Ung. Chrysarobini 5% 

Ung. Hydrargyri 50% 

Ung. Hydrargyri Ammoniati 10% 

Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi 10% 

Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri ........ 10% 

Ung. lodi 4% 

Ung. lodoformi 10% 

Ung. Plumbi Carbonatis 10% 

Ung. Plumbi lodidi 10% 

Ung. Potassii lodidi 12% 

Ung. Stramonii 10% 

Ung. Sulphuris 30% 

Ung. Veratrinae 4% 

Ung. Zinci Oxidi 20% 

The formula of Unguentum is Lard, 800 gm., and Yellow Wax, 
200 gm. and you have six troy ounces of Yellow Wax; what 
amount of Lard would you use to correspond with the Yellow 
Wax? 

Twenty-four troy ounces. 

Give the process for making Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 

Heat the Lard Oil in a glass or porcelain vessel to a tem- 
perature of 212" F. ; withdraw the heat and gradually add 
70 gm. of Nitric Acid, and when the reaction moderates, re- 
apply the heat until effervescence ceases. Then allow the 
mixture to cool to about 104'' F. Having dissolved the Mer- 
cury in the remainder of the Nitric Acid, with the aid of suffi- 
cient heat to prevent the solution from crystallizing, add this 
solution to the mixture. When the mass has become entirely 
cold, mix it thoroughly by trituration, avoiding the use of 
metallic spatula. 

What is the object of Castor Oil in the Ointment of Red Mer- 
curic Oxide ? 

To facilitate the fine division of the Red Mercuric Oxide. 

What is the process called for reducing a substance to a fine 
powder in the presence of Water or some other liquid ? 
The process is called Levigation. 

What is the object of the Diluted Alcohol in Ung. Belladonnae 
and in Ung. Stramonii ? 

For softening their respective extracts, and thus forming si 
smooth Ointment. 

69 



What Official Ointment is prepared from a neutral principle ? 
Chrysarobin Ointment. 

Into what Ointments do the following enter? 

(a) Castor Oil, (b) Olive Oil, (c) Potassium Iodide, (d) Sodium 
Hyposulphite, (e) Water, (f) Hot Water, (g) Nitric Acid, 
(h) Oil of Lavender Flowers, (i) Suet, (j) Mercury, (k) Lard 
Oil, (1) Expressed Oil of Almond. 

(a) Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. 

(b) Ung. Diachylon and Ung. Veratrin^e. 

(c) Ung. lodi and Ung. Potassii lodidi. 

(d) Ung. Potassii lodidi. 

(e) Ung. lodi. 

(f) Ung. Potassii lodidi. 

(g) Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
(h) Ung. Diachylon. 

(i) Ung. Hydrargyri. 

(j) Ung. Hydrargyri and Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
(k) Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
(1) Ung. Aquae Rosae. 
How is Ung. Aquae Rosae made? 

Reduce the Spermaceti and the White Wax to fine shavings 
and melt them at a moderate heat. Then add the Oil ; pour 
mixture into a warmed Wedgwood mortar, carefully add, with- 
out stirring, the whole of the Stronger Rose Water, in which 
the Sodium Borate has been dissolved, and stir rapidly and 
continuously until the mixture becomes uniformly soft and 
creamy. 
What change was made in the formula of Ung. Sulphuris ? 

Washed Sulphur is now used in place of Sublimed Sulphur. 
State source, melting point, per cent limit of water, and advan- 
tage, if any, of Hydrous Wool-fat over other Ointment bases. 
Source, from the wool of Sheep; melting-point, 104** F. ; 
limit of water, 30% ; it is miscible with twice its weight of 
water and yet retains its Ointment-like appearance. It is more 
readily absorbed than any other Fat or Ointment base. 
What is the object of Potassium Iodide in Iodine Ointment? 

To increase the solubility of the Iodine. 
How should a vessel be cleaned in which an Ointment has been 
made ? 

It should be wiped out with soft paper or sawdust, and 
washed with Soap and Hot Water. 
How is Ointment of Zinc Oxide made? 

By sifting the Zinc Oxide through a No. 20 sieve upon the 
. surface of the Benzoinated Lard, previously melted, and incor- 
porate it by stirring, continue until the Ointment is cool. 

70 



Name four Official Ointments in which Benzoinated Lard is used 
as a base. 

Sulphur Ointment, Zinc Ointment, Belladonna Ointment 
and Iodoform Ointment. 
How is Diachylon Ointment made ? 

Melt together the Lead Plaster and Olive Oil, on a water- 
bath, allow the mixture to become partly cool, add the Oil of 
Lavender Flowers and stir constantly until the Ointment is cold. 



71 



OLEORESINS 



What are Pharmaceutical Oleoresins ? 

Pharmaceutical Oleoresins are liquid preparations that con- 
sist principally of natural Oils and Resins, and are extracted 
from vegetable substances by percolation with Ether. They 
are not uniform in strength like Fluid Extracts, but are the 
most concentrated liquid form of drugs. 
How many are official ? 

Six. 
Name the official Oleoresins with their doses. 

Oleoresin of Aspidium J4 to i fl. dr. 

" " Capsicum J^ to i min. 

" " Cubeb 5 to 30 mins. 

" " Lupulin 3 to 6 mins. 

" " Pepper J^ to 2 mins. 

" " Ginger % to 1 mins. 

What Oleoresins deposit on standing ^. what are the deposits ? and 
what must be done with them ? 

Oleoresin of Aspidium deposits a granular, crystalline sub- 
stance, Filicic Acid, which should be thoroughly mixed with 
the liquid portion. 

Oleoresin of Cubeb deposits a waxy and crystalline matter, 
Cubebin, which should be rejected, only the liquid portion 
being used. 
What shape percolator is used in percolating the Oleoresins and 
why ? 

Cylindrical, on account of the volatility of the menstruum. 



72 



PILLS 

What are Pills? 

Pills are small solid bodies, generally globular, which are 
intended to be swallowed and thereby produce medicinal action. 
How many are official ? 

Fifteen. 
Give the official Pills with their ingredients. 

Pilulae Aloes — Purified Aloes, Soap and Water. 

Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae — Purified Aloes, Asafoetida, 
Soap and Water. 

Pilulae Aloes et Ferri — Purified Aloes, Dried Ferrous Sul- 
phate, Aromatic Powder and Confection of Rose. 

Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches — Purified Aloes, Mastic, Red 
Rose and Water. 

Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae — Purified Aloes, Myrrh, Aro- 
matic Powder and Syrup. 

Pilulae Antimonii Compositae — Sulphurated Antimony, 
Mild Mercurous Chloride, Guaiac and Castor Oil. 

Pilulae Asafoetidae — Asafoetida, Soap and Water. 

Pilulae Catharticae Compositae — Compound Ext. of Colo- 
cynth, Ext. of Jalap, Mild Mercurous Chloride, Gamboge 
and Water. 

Pilulae Catharticae Vegetabiles — Compound Ext. of Colo- 
cynth, Ext. of Hyoscyamus, Ext. of Jalap, Ext. of Leptandra, 
Resin of Podophyllum, Oil of Peppermint and Water. 

Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis — Ferrous Sulphate, Potassium 
Carbonate, Tragacanth, Sugar, Althaea, Glycerin and Water. 

Pilulae Ferri lodidi — Reduced Iron, Iodine, Glycyrrhiza, 
Sugar, Ext. of Glycyrrhizae, Acacia, Water, Balsam of Tolu 
and Ether. 

Pilulae Opii — Powdered Opium, Soap and Water. 

Pilulae Phosphori — Phosphorus, Althaea, Acacia, Chloro- 
form, Glycerin, Water, Balsam of Tolu and Ether. 

Pilulae Rhei — Rhubarb, Soap and Water. 

Pilulae Rhei Compositae — Rhubarb, Purified Aloes, Myrrh, 
Oil of Peppermint and Water. 
Learn the following synonyms. 

Lady Webster's Dinner Pills — Pills of Aloes and Mastic. 
Plummer's Pills — Compound Pills of Antimony. 
Blanchard's Pills — Pills of Ferrous Iodide. 
Blaud's Pills — Pills of Ferrous Carbonate. 
Gregory's Pills — Compound Pills of Rhubarb. 
Chalybeate Pills — Pills of Ferrous Carbonate. 
Ferruginous Pills — Pills of Ferrous Carbonate. 
Rufus' Pills — Pills of Aloes and Myrrh. 

73 



What is understood by the term excipient? 

Excipient is the name given to those substances, generally 
inert, that are added to medicinal agents for giving them pilu- 
lar form or consistence. 
Name the different excipients used in making the U. S. P. Pills. 
Water, Glycerin and Water, Castor Oil, Syrup and Confec- 
tion of Rose. 
What official Pill must be made when wanted ? 

Pil. Ferri Carb. 
What official Pills are coated ? 

Pills of Ferrous Iodide and Pills of Phosphorus. 
How many Pills are directed to be made from the official quan- 
tities of ingredients ? 

All are to be divided into loo Pills except Pil. Cathartic 
Comp. and Pil. Cathartic Veg. 
Give process for making Pil. Ferri Carb. 

Rub the Potassium Carbonate in a mortar with a sufficient 
quantity of Giycerin and Water, then add the Ferrous Sul- 
phate and Sugar, previously triturated together to a uniform 
powder, and beat the mass thoroughly until it becomes a 
greenish color. When the reaction appears to have termin- 
ated incorporate the Tragacanth and Althaea and add a little 
more water if necessary, so as to obtain a mass of a pilular 
consistence. 
Give process for making Pil. Ferri lodidi. 

To the Reduced Iron, contained in a small mortar, add the 
water and then gradually the Iodine, constantly triturating 
until the mixture ceases to have a reddish tint. Then add the 
remaining powders, previously well mixed together, and mix 
the whole thoroughly. Evaporate the mass on a water-bath 
until it has acquired a pilular consistence. Divide into lOO 
Pills and coat with the Balsam of Tolu, which has been dis- 
solved in the Ether. 
Give process for making Pil. Phosphori. 

Dissolve the Phosphorus in the Chloroform with the aid of 
gentle heat, and add the solution to the Acacia and Althaea 
which have been previously mixed, add to this a sufficient 
quantity of a mixture of two volumes of Glycerin and one vol- 
ume of water. Quickly form a mass and divide into loa 
Pills and coat with the Balsam of Tolu, which has been dis- 
solved in the Ether. 
What form of Iron is used in making Pills of Ferrous Iodide? 

Reduced Iron. 
What official Pills contain Calomel ? 

Pil. Antimonii Comp. and Pil. Catharticse Comp. 

74 



What objection is there to the use of Wax as a Pill excipient ? 

Its solubility in the stomach. 
When should the use of Soap as a Pill excipient be avoided ? 
In Pills containing Acids, Acid Salts and Metallic Salts. 
What precaution is necessary in using Glycerin in Pills ? 

Too much must not be used as Pills containing Glycerin 
have a tendency to soften. 
What is a Bolus ? 
A large Pill. 
What two principal chemicals are used in making Blaud's Pills ? 

Ferrous Sulphate and Potassium Carbonate. 
Learn the following : 

Silver Nitrate — excipient, Kaolin and Resin Cerate. 
Bismuth Salts — excipient. Glycerin and Tragacanth. 
Cerium Oxalate — excipient, Glycerin and Tragacanth. 
Camphor and Monobromated Camphor — excipient. Soap and 

Castor Oil ; or Soap, Tragacanth and Water. 
Copaiba — excipient, Magnesium Carbonate. 
Gum-Resins — excipient, Soap and Water. 
Aloes — excipient. Soap and Water. 
Rhubarb — excipient, Soap and Water. 

Oils and Oleoresins — excipient, Soap, Cocoa Butter and Wax. 
Quinine — excipient. Glycerin and Tragacanth. 
Potassium Permanganate — excipient. Kaolin and Resin Cerate 

or Cocoa Butter. 
Deliquescent Salts — excipient, Canada Balsam, Resin Cerate 
or Cocoa Butter. 
How much Opium in each Pil. Opii P 

One grain. 
How much Phosphorus in each Pil. Phosphori ? 

One one-hundredth of a grain. 
What are the essential points of well-made Pills ^ 

They must not be too soft, nor stick together, nor flatten ; 
and must contain the same quantity of ingredients. 
How can the stains be removed from the mortar in which Plum- 
mer's Pills have been made ? 

By washing with Soap and Water and then with Hydro- 
chloric Acid. 
The following is the formula for Compound Pills of Rhubarb : 

Rhubarb 13 gm. 

Purified Aloes 10 gm. 

Myrrh 6 gm. 

Oil of Peppermint 0.5 cc. 

Water — a sufficient quantity to make 100 Pills. 

75 



The following is the formula for 40 of the above Pills : 

Rhubarb 5.2 gm. 

Purified Aloes 4 gm. 

Myrrh 2.4 gm. 

Oil of Peppermint 0.2 cc. 

Water — a sufficient quantity to make 40 Pills. 

What are the chemical substances used in making Pil. Ferri 
and Massa Ferri Carb.? 

Pil. Ferri Carb. — Ferrous Sulphate and Potassium Car- 
bonate. 

Massa Ferri Carb. — Ferrous Sulphate and Sodium Car- 
bonate. 

What is the object of coating Pills with Salol ? 

When the Pills are intended to be dissolved in the intes- 
tines and not in the stomach, the Alkaline juice of the intestines 
breaks it up into Carbolic and Salicylic Acids. 

What objection is there to Mica panis in making Pills of Silver 
Nitrate ? 

The Sodium Chloride contained in bread crumbs would 
convert the Silver Nitrate into Silver Chloride. 



76 



PLASTERS 

What are Plasters? 

Plasters are substances intended for external application, of 
such consistence that they adhere to the skin and require the 
aid of heat in spreading them. 
How many are official ? 

Thirteen. 
What is Lead Plaster chemically ? 

Lead Oleate or Lead Soap. 
What Plasters enters into the composition of almost all the 
Plasters ? 

Lead Plaster directly or indirectly enters into composition 
of all but three of the Official Plasters. 
Learn the synonyms of the following Plasters: 
Iron Plaster — Strengthening Plaster. 
Isinglass Plaster — Court Plaster. 
Cantharidal Pitch Plaster — Warming Plaster. 
Lead Plaster — Diachylon Plaster. 
Resin Plaster — Adhesive Plaster. 
What are the two official spread Plasters ? 
Capsicum and Isinglass Plasters. 



77 



POWDERS 



How many Powders are official ? 

Nine. 
Give the ingredients of the Official Powders. 

Pulvis Antimonialis — Antimony Oxide and Precipitated 
Calcium Phosphate. 

Pulvis Aromatious — Ceylon Cinnamon, Ginger, Cardamon 
and Nutmeg. 

Pulvis Cretae Comp. — Prepared Chalk, Acacia and Sugar. 
Pulvis Effervescens Comp. — Sodium Bicarbonate, Potas- 
sium and Sodium Tartrate and Tartaric Acid. 

Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Comp. — Senna, Glycyrrhiza, Washed 
Sulphur, Oil of Fennel and Sugar. 

Pulvis Ipecac et Opii — Ipecac, Powdered Opium and Sugar 
of Milk. 

Pulvis Jalapae Comp. — Jalap and Potassium Bitartrate. 
Pulvis Morphinae Comp. — Morphine Sulphate, Camphor, 
Glycyrrhiza, Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Alcohol. 
Pulvis Rhei Comp. — Rhubarb, Magnesia and Ginger. 
Learn the synonyms of the following U. S. P. Powders. 
James* Powder — Pulvis Antimonialis. 
Seidlitz Powder — Pulvis Effervescens Compositus. 
German Laxative — Pulvis Glycyrrhiza Compositus. 
Purging Powder — Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. 
Tully's Powder — Pulvis Morphinae Compositus. 
Gregory's Powder — Pulvis Rhei Compositus. 
Dover's Powder — Pulvis Ipecacuanhas et Opii. 
Pulvis Infantum — Pulvis Rhei Compositus. 
Pulvis Jacobus — Pulvis Antimonialis. 
What change has been made in the formula of Compound Liquor- 
ice Powder ? 

Oil of Fennel is used instead of Powdered Fennel. 
What quantity of Opium is contained in ten grains of Dover's 
Powder ? 
One grain. 
What is the dose of Dover's Powder ? 

Five to fifteen grains. 
Why is the Sugar of Milk in Dover's Powder in a coarse state ? 
So as to insure a thorough mixing of the Opium and Ipecac. 
What per cent of Morphine Sulphate is in Tully's Powder? 

What is the object of Alcohol in the formula of Tully's Powder? 

To pulverize the Camphor. 
Into what preparation does Aromatic Powder enter. 

Aromatic Fluid Extract. 

78 



SPIRITS 



What are Spirits ? 

Spirits are Alcoholic solutions of volatile substances. 
How many are official ? 

Twenty-five. 
What are Spirits sometimes called ? 

Essences. 
By what processes are the Official Spirits made ? Give examples. 
By simple solution — Spirit of Ether and Spirit of Camphor. 
By solution with maceration — Spirit of Peppermint and 
Spirit of Lemon. 

By gaseous solution — Spirit of Ammonia. 
By chemical reaction — Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 
By distillation — Spirit Frumenti and Spirit Vini Gallici. 
Learn the following Spirits with their ingredients. 
Spirit of Ether — Ether and Alcohol. 

Comp, Spirit of Ether — Ether, Alcohol and Ethereal Oil. 
Spirit Ammonia Aromatic — Ammonium Carbonate, Ammonia 
Water, Oil of Lemon, Oil of Lavender Flowers, Oil of 
Nutmeg, Alcohol and Distilled Water. 
Comp. Spirit of Juniper — Oil of Juniper, Oil of Caraway, 

Oil of Fennel, Alcohol and Water. 
Comp. Spirit of Orange — Oil of Orange Peel, Oil of Lemon, 

Oil of Anise, Oil of Coriander and Deodorized Alcohol. 
Spirit of Lemon — Oil of Lemon, Lemon Peel and Deodor- 
ized Alcohol. ^ 
Spirit of Peppermint — Oil of Peppermint, Peppermint and 

Alcohol. 
Spirit of Myrcia — Oil of Myrcia, Oil of Orange Peel, Oil of 

Pimenta, Alcohol and Water. 
Spirit of Phosphorus — Phosphorus and Absolute Alcohol. 
What is the object of the Ammonia Water in Aromatic Spirit of 
Ammonia ? 

To convert Ammonium Carbonate into normal salt. 
What change has been made in the formula of Aromatic Spirit 
of Ammonia? 

Oil of Nutmeg is used instead of Oil of Pimenta. 
Why was Spirit of Phosphorus introduced in the U. S. P. ? 

Solely for making Elixir of Phosphorus. 
Learn the following synonyms : 

Essence of Nutmeg — Spiritus Myristicae. 
Brandy — Spiritus Vinici Gallici. 
Whiskey — Spiritus Frumenti. 
Bay Rum — Spiritus Myrciae. 

79 



Chloric Ether — Spiritus Chloroformi. 
Spirit of Trinitrin — Spiritus Glonoini. 
Tincture of Phosphorus — Spiritus Phosphori. 
Hoffman's Anodyne — Spiritus i^theria Compositus. 
Learn the following Spirits with their doses. 
Spt. Ether Comp., 15 to 60 mins. 
" of Nitrous Ether, i^ to 2 fl. drs. 
" of Ammon. Arom., ^ to i fl. dr. 
" Camphor, 5 to 40 mins. 
" Chloroform, 10 to 60 mins. 
" of Glonoin, i min. 
" of Peppermint, 3^ to 2 fl. drs. 
What is the official definition of Whiskey ^ 

An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the mash 
of fermented grain, usually of mixtures of corn, wheat and rye, 
and at least two years old. 
How does the U. S. P. define Brandy ? 

An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the fer- 
mented, unmodified juice of fresh grapes, and at least four 
years old. 
What are the alcoholic strengths of Brandy and Whiskey ? 

Brandy, 39 to 47% by weight, or 46 to ^^% by volume. 
Whiskey, 44 to 50% by weight, or 50 to 58 by volume. 
What per cent of Phosphorus is in the Spirit? 

0.12%. 
Why does the U. S. P. direct that the Alcohol to be used in 
the preparation of Spirit of Ammonia, must be recently dis- 
tilled and after distillation kept in glass vessels ? 

To avoid discoloration of the liquid which is apt to occur if 
Ammonia gas be dissolved in Alcohol kept in barrels, and 
having extracted the organic impurities from them. 
What precautions are necessary to preserve Spirit of Nitrous 
Ether ? 

It should be stored in small, dark, amber-colored, well-stop- 
pered vials, kept in a cool place, remote from light or fire. 
What is the reaction of Spirit of Nitrous Ether when first made 
and after it is exposed ? 

Neutral when first made and properly kept; Acid when 
exposed. 
Give outhne of process for making Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 

By acting on a solution of Sodium Nitrate with Sulphuric 
Acid, in the presence of Alcohol, and liberated Nitrous Acid 
attacks the Alcohol and forms Ethyl Nitrite, which is washed 
with ice-cold water and afterwards with ice-cold Sodium Car- 
bonate Solution, and dehydrated with Anhydrous Potassium 

80 



Carbonate, and finally filtered into sufficient Deodorized Alco- 
hol to make the weight of Purified Ethyl Nitrite obtained. 
What is the strength of Spirit of Nitrous Ether ? 

When freshly prepared and tested in a nitrometer, would 

yield not less than eleven times its one volume of Nitrogen 

Dioxide. 

Why does Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia change color on standing? 

It darkens owing to the action of the Alkali on the Volatile 

Oils and Alcohol. 

What Spirit, when tasted, is liable to produce a violent headache ? 

Spirit of Glonoin. 
How is Spirit of Chloroform made ? Give common name, per 
cent of Chloroform and dose. 

By mixing Chloroform with Alcohol. Chloric Ether ; 6% 
of Chloroform. Dose, lo to 60 mins. 



81 



SYRUPS 

What are Syrups ? 

Syrups are concentrated solutions of Sugar in Water in which 
aromatic or medicinal substances are dissolved. 
How many are official ? 

Thirty-two. 
By what processes are the U. S. P. Syrups made ? Give an 
example of each. 

By solution with heat — Syrup of Ferrous Iodide. 
By agitation without heat — Syrup of Wild Cherry. 
By maceration — Syrup of Tar. 
By digestion — Syrup of Tolu. 

By the addition of medicated hquids to Simple Syrup — 
Syrup of Rhubarb. 
What alternate process is mentioned by the U. S. P. for making 
some of the Syrups P Give examples. 

By percolation — Syrup of Garlic, Syrup of Wild Cherry 
and Syrup of Tolu. 
What kind of Sugar must be used in making the Syrups .? 

The kind commercially known as Granulated Sugar, it 
must be white, dry, hard granules, distinctly crystalline, odor- 
less, and having a purely sweet taste. It is essential that the 
Sugar be dry, for if moist the Syrup will be deficient in Sugar 
and will ferment. 
How is Simple Syrup made? 

By dissolving 850 gm. of Sugar, by the aid of heat, in 450 cc. 
of Distilled Water. Raise the temperature to the boiling point, 
strain the liquid, and pass enough Distilled Water through the 
strainer to make the product, when cold, measure 1000 cc, 
and mix thoroughly. 
How could it be determined that Simple Syrup was deficient in 
Sugar ? 

By taking its specific gravity, which would be less than i .3 1 7. 
How are Syrups best preserved ? 

By heating the Syrup to be kept to the boiling point, and 
pouring it into bottles made hot by standing in Hot Water, then 
insert a cork into the bottle so as to displace some of the 
Syrup, and dip the neck of the bottle into melted sealing wax. 
Keep in a cool place. 
What Syrups are directed to be freshly made when wanted ? 

Syrup of Acacia and Syrup of Hypophosphites with Iron. 
What Syrups are used chiefly as flavoring agents ? 

Syrup of Orange, Syrup of Orange Flowers and Syrup of 
Raspberry. 

82 



What effect has too little or too much Sugar on the stability of 
a Syrup ? 

A Syrup that is deficient in Sugar is liable to ferment ; while 
if too much Sugar is dissolved by the aid of heat, the excess 
will crystallize on cooling and dispose more sugar to separate, 
thus weakening the Syrup, which will at last ferment. 
How could a Syrup that has fermented be restored ? 

A Syrup that has fermented should be thrown away. 
What per cent, by weight, of Sugar do Syrups contain ? 

64.54%. 
How much does one pound (avoir) of Syrup measure? 

1 1.7 or nearly 12 fl. ozs. 
What Syrups are prepared from Fluid Extracts ? 

Syrup of Ipecac, Syrup of Krameria, Syrup of Rhubarb, 
Syrup of Rose, Syrup of Blackberry, Compound Syrup of 
Sarsaparilla, Compound Syrup of Squill, Syrup of Senega and 
Syrup of Ginger. 
What Syrups are prepared from Tinctures ? 

Syrup of Lactucarium and Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. 
Give ingredients and process for making Syrup of Hydriodic 
Acid. 

Potassium Iodide, Potassium Hypophosphite, Tartaric Acid, 
Water, Diluted Alcohol and Syrup. 

Dissolve the two Potassium Salts in the Water, and the 
Tartaric Acid in 25 cc. of Diluted Alcohol. Mix the two 
solutions in a vial and shake thoroughly, and place it in ice 
water for half an hour, occasionally shaking. Then filter the 
mixture through a small, rapidly-acting white filter, and care- 
fully wash the vial and filter with Diluted Alcohol until the 
filtrate ceases to produce more than a faint cloudiness when a 
drop or two is allowed to fall into Silver Nitrate test solution. 
Reduce the filtrate by evaporation in a tarred capsule on a 
water-bath, to 50 gm. and mix it, when cold, with enough 
Syrup to make the product weigh 1000 gm. 
What is the object of the Potassium Hypophosphite in Syrup of 
Hydriodic Acid ? 

To prevent the separation of the Iodine. 
What substance is precipitated in the preparation of Syrup of 
Hydriodic Acid ? 

Acid Potassium Tartrate. 
What is the percentage of active ingredient in the above Syrup ? 

One per cent, by weight, of Absolute Hydriodic Acid. 
What is the object of the Glycerin in Syrup of Marshmallow .? 
To preserve it. 



What are the ingredients of Syrup of Hypophosphites ? 

Calcium Hypophosphite, Potassium Hypophosphite, So- 
dium Hypophosphite, Diluted Hypophosphorus Acid, Sugar, 
Spirit of Lemon and Water. 
What is the object of the Acid in Syrup of Hypophosphites ? 

To insure the solution of the Calcium Hypophosphite. 
What is the object of macerating the Wild Cherry for twenty- 
four hours in making Syrup of Wild Cherry ? 

To allow time for the reaction, which results in the forma- 
tion of Hydrocyanic Acid and a Volatile Oil identical with 
Oil of Bitter Almond. 
Why is Sand used in the preparation of Syrup of Tar ? 

Sand is mixed with the Tar to facilitate its washing, and 
thereby the impurities are more easily removed. 
What is the object of the Potassium Carbonate in Syrup of 
Rhubarb ? 

To prevent the separation of resinous matter. 
In making Syrup of Raspberry why is it necessary to set aside 
the crushed berries at a temperature of about 68° F. ? 

To insure the complete destruction of the Pectin, which, if 
present, would cause the Syrup to gelatinize and ferment. 
How could it be told that all the Pectin was removed ? 

By a small portion of the filtered juice mixing clear with 
half its volume of Alcohol. 
What does the U. S. P. give for test of foreign coloring matter 
in Syrup of Raspberry? 

On shaking separate portions of the Syrup with Ether, 
Chloroform or Amylic Alcohol, no color should be imparted 
to these liquids. 
What is the Latin official title for Syrup of Raspberry ? 

Syrupus Rubi Idasi. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Syrup of Wild Cherry. 
Wild Cherry, Sugar, Glycerin and Water. 
The Wild Cherry (No. 20 powder) is moistened with the 
mixture of Glycerin and Water and allowed to macerate for 
twenty-four hours, then packed in a cylindrical percolator, and 
the remainderof themenstruum (mixture of Glycerin and Water) 
poured on. When the liquid has disappeared from the surface 
follow it by Water, until the percolator measures 450 cc. Dis- 
solve the Sugar in the percolate by agitation without heat, 
strain and pass enough Water through the strainer to make 
the product measure 1000 cc. and mix thoroughly. 
Learn the following: 

Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb, or Syr. Rhei Aromaticus. 
Hive Syrup, or Syr. Scillae Comp. 

84 



Orgeat Syrup, or Syr. Amygdalae. 

Easton's Syrup, or Syr. Ferri Quininae et Strychninae Phos- 

phatum. 
Eaton's Syrup, or Syr. Ferri Ouininae et Strychninae Phos- 
phatum. 
What Syrups contain Acetic Acid ? 

Syrup of Garlic, Syrup of Ipecac and Syrup of Squill. 
(Acetic Acid is contained in the Vinegar of Squill). 
From what is Syrupus Rubi prepared ? 

From Fluid Extract of Blackberry. 
From what is Syrupus Rubi Idaei prepared ^ 

From fresh, ripe Raspberries. 
What medicated Syrup enters into the composition of another 
Syrup ? 

Syrup of Hypophosphites enters into the composition of 
Syrup of Hypophosphites with Iron. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Syrup of Ferrous 
Iodide. 

Iron (in the form of fine, bright wire, and cut into small 
pieces) Iodine, Syrup and Distilled Water. 

Introduce the Iron into a flask of thin glass, having a ca- 
pacity of about 500 cc. Add 1 50 cc. of Distilled Water and 
then the Iodine. Shake the mixture occasionally, checking 
the reaction, if necessary, by the affusion of Cold Water, and 
when the solution has acquired a greenish color, and has lost 
the odor of Iodine, heat it to boiling. Then filter it through 
a strong, double, rapidly-acting filter placed in a funnel, the 
point of which dips below the surface of 600 gm. of Syrup 
contained in a tarred vessel. When the liquid has run through, 
wash the flask and filter with a mixture of 25 cc. each of Syrup 
and Distilled Water, previously raised to near 212° F., then 
withdraw the funnel, and add enough Syrup to make the pro- 
duct weigh 1000 gm., and mix thoroughly. 
What per cent of Ferrous Iodide does Syrup of Ferrous Iodide 
contain ? 

It contains about 10%, by weight, of Ferrous Iodide or 
about 13.4 gm. in 100 cc. 
How should Syrup of Ferrous Iodide be stored? 

In small, completely filled bottles, in a place accessible to 
sunlight. 
How could Syrup of Ferrous Iodide be restored when the color 
had changed to yellowish-brown from exposure to air ? 
By exposing it to direct sunlight. 
What does the change of color in the above Syrup indicate ? 

85 



The oxidation of the Ferrous into the Ferric Salt and the 
liberation of Iodine. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Syrup of Squill. 

Vinegar of Squill, Sugar and Water. 

Heat the Vinegar of Squill to the boiling point in a glass 
or porcelain vessel, and filter the liquid while it is hot. Dis- 
solve the Sugar in the hot filtrate by agitation, and without 
further heating, strain ; and when the strained liquid is cold, 
add enough Water through the strainer to make the product 
measure looo cc. and mix thoroughly. 
What is the object of heating the Vinegar of Squill to the boil- 
ing point ? 

To coagulate the albuminous matter, which is removed by 
filtration. 
What are the ingredients of Syrup of Senega ? 

Fluid Extract of Senega, Ammonia Water, Sugar and Water. 
What object does Ammonia Water serve in Syrup of Senega ? 

It prevents the separation of the Pectin in the Senega. 
In preparing Syr. Sarsaparillas Comp., why is the direction given 
to set the mixture aside for one hour before filtering ? 

To allow the inert, insoluble matter to separate. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Compound Syrup 
of Squill. 

Fluid Extract of Squill, Fluid Extract of Senega, Antimony 
and Potassium Tartrate, Precipitated Calcium Phosphate, 
Sugar and Water. 

Mix the Fluid Extracts, evaporate them in a tarred Capsule, 
on a water-bath, to lOO gm. and mix with 350 cc. of Water. 
When the mixture is cold, incorporate with it the Calcium Phos- 
phate, filter, pass enough Water through the filter to obtain 
400 cc. of filtrate, and add to this the Antimony of Potassium 
Tartrate, which has been dissolved in 25 cc. of Hot Water. Dis- 
solve the Sugar in this liquid by agitation without heat; strain, 
and add enough Water through the strainer to make the 
product measure 1000 cc. and mix thoroughly. 
What is the object of the Precipitated Calcium Phosphate in 
Compound Syrup of Squill ^ 

To remove Albuminous matter and Pectin compounds. 
What should be dispensed for the following ? 

Syr. Scillae Comp., sine Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. Com 
pound Syrup of Squill prepared without the Tartar Emetic. 
Learn the following Syrups with their doses : 

Syrup of Hydriodic Acid 30 to 60 mins. 

Syrup of Ferrous Iodide 15 to 30 mins. 

Syrup of Rhubarb 2 to 6 fl. drs. 

86 



Syrup of Squill ^ to i fl. dr. 

Syrup of Phosphates of Iron, Quinine and 

Strychnine 5^ to i fl. dr. 

Syrup of Ipecac (expectorant) 5 to 30 mins. 

(emetic) 2 to 6 fl. drs. 

What Syrups contain Iron Salts ? 

Syrup of Ferrous Iodide, Syrup of the Phosphates of Iron, 
Quinine and Strychnine, and Syrup of Hypophosphites with 
Iron. 
How is Syrup of Acacia made ? 

By mixing one volume of Mucilage of Acacia with three vol- 
umes of Simple Syrup. The Syrup must be made when wanted. 
Give process for making Syrup of Senega. 

Mix the Fluid Extract with 300 cc. of Water, and with the 
Ammonia Water, and set the mixture aside for a few hours. 
Then filter to obtain 500 cc. In the filtrate dissolve the Sugar 
by agitation without heat, strain, and add enough Water through 
the strainer to make the product measure 1000 cc. and mix 
thoroughly. 
What is the object of the Potassium Citrate in Syrup of Hypo- 
phosphites with Iron ^ 

To hold the Ferrous Lactate in solution. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Syrup of the Phos- 
phates of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine. 

Soluble Ferric Phosphate, Quinine Sulphate, Strychnine, 
Phosphoric Acid, Glycerin, Water and Syrup. 

Heat the soluble Ferric Phosphate with the Water, in a por- 
celain capsule, until it is dissolved. Then add the Phosphoric 
Acid, the Quinine Sulphate, and the Strychnine, and stir 
until solution is effected. Filter the liquid into the Glycerin, 
contained in a graduated bottle, add enough Syrup to make 
up the volume to 1000 cc, and mix thoroughly; lastly strain, 
if necessary. 
Why is Syrup of Wild Cherry made without heat ? 

Because heat would drive off the Hydrocyanic Acid formed, 
and upon which its action depends. 



87 



TINCTURES 

What are Tinctures ? 

Tinctures are Alcoholic solutions of non-volatile substances. 
How many are official ? 

Seventy-two. 
How does a Tincture differ from a Spirit ? 

A Spirit is an Alcoholic solution of a volatile substance, 
while a Tincture is of a non-volatile substance. 
What official Tincture is an exception to the rule, being made 
from a volatile substance ? 
Tincture of Iodine. 
By what processes are the Tinctures made ? Give examples of each. 
By percolation — Tinct. of Aconite and Tinct. of Digitalis. 
By maceration — Tinct. of Asafoetida and Tinct. of Myrrh. 
By solution or dilution — Tinct. of Nux Vomica and Tinct. 
of Iodine. 
Give the Compound Tinctures with their ingredients. 

Tr. Benzoin Comp. — Benzoin, Purified Aloes, Storax, Bal- 
sam of Tolu and Alcohol. 

Tr. Cardamon Comp. — Cardamon, Cassia Cinnamon, Cara- 
way, Cochineal, Glycerin and Diluted Alcohol. 

Tr. Catechu Comp. — Catechu, Cassia Cinnamon and Di- 
luted Alcohol. 

Tr. Cinchonae Comp. — Red Cinchona, Bitter Orange Peel, 
Serpentaria, Glycerin, Alcohol and Water. 

Tr. Lavender Comp. — Oil of Lavender Flowers, Oil of 
Rosemary, Cassia Cinnamon, Cloves, Nutmeg, Red Saunders, 
Alcohol, Water and Diluted Alcohol. 

Tr. Gentian Comp. — Gentian, Bitter Orange Peel, Carda- 
mon, Alcohol and Water. 
What Tinctures are prepared from inorganic drugs ? 

Tincture of Iodine and Tincture of Ferric Chloride. 
What Tinctures are of Animal drugs ? 

Tincture of Cantharides and Tincture of Musk. 
What advantage have Tinctures over Fluid Extracts ? 

Tinctures may be added to aqueous preparations without 
serious precipitation. 
What is the object of Glycerin in Tinctures? 

As a preservative. 
What six Tinctures contain Glycerin ? 

Tinct. Card. Co., Tinct. Cinchona, Tinct. Cinchona Co., 
Tinct. Kino, Tinct. Rhei and Tinct. Opii Camph. 
What six Tinctures have a menstruum of strong Alcohol? 

Tinct. Benzoin, Tinct. Myrrh, Tinct. Benzoin Co., Tinct. 

88 



Asafoetida, Tinct. Calendula and Tinct. of Sweet Orange 
Peel. 
What Tincture is made by decoction of the drug, and the subse- 
quent addition of Alcohol and Water ? 
Tincture of Quillaya. 
What tinctures are used chiefly for flavoring ? 

Tinct. of Vanilla, Tinct. of Bitter Orange Peel and Tinct. 
of Sweet Orange Peel. 
Is Tincture of Belladona prepared from the leaves or the rootP 

The leaves. 
Name a 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 per cent Tincture. 
5% — Tinct. of Cantharides. 
10% — Tinct. of Opium. 
15% — Tinct. of Digitalis. 
20% — Tinct. of Arnica Flowers. 
30% — There is none official. 
40% — Tinct. of Veratrum Viride. 
50% — Tinct. of Lactucarium. 
How does Fleming's Tincture of Aconite compare in strength 
with the official Tincture ? 

It is nearly twice as strong as the Official Tincture? 
What is the object of the Liquorice Root in Tincture of Aloes? 
To prevent the agglutination of the Aloes while percolating it. 
What object does the Cassia Cinnamon serve in Compound 
Tincture of Catechu ? 

To prevent agglutination of the Catechu while percolating it. 
What Tincture must be kept at least three months before using, 
and what is the object? 

Tincture of Ferric Chloride ; to allow time for the develop- 
ment of the ethereal odor which always results when Alcohol 
is mixed with an Acid Solution of Ferric Chloride, due to the 
chemical action between the Alcohol and the Acid. 
What change results when Tincture of Ferric Chloride is ex- 
posed to light? 

A part of the Ferric Chloride is converted into Ferrous 
Chloride. 
How do the Tinctures of Rhubarb rank in drug strength ? 

Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb contains 20% of Rhubarb, 
Tincture of Rhubarb and Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb each 
contain 10% of Rhubarb. 
What varieties of Cinchona Bark are used in making the official 
Tinctures ? 

Yellow Cinchona is used in making the Simple Tincture 
and Red Cinchona in making the Compound Tincture. 

89 



What are the ingredients of Tincture of Nutgall ? 

Powdered Nutgall, Alcohol and Glycerin. 
What substance is deposited in Tincture of Nutgall when kept 

on hand for some time, and what ingredient is in the Tincture 

to retard this change ? 
Gallic Acid. Glycerin. 
Why is Benzinused in the preparation ofTinctureof Lactucarium? 
To remove the inert and rubber-like principle, Lactucerin, 

from the Lactucarium. 
What two Tinctures do not contain Tannic Acid, and could be 

mixed with Tincture of Iron ? 

Tincture of Calumba and Tincture of Quassia. 
How is Tincture of Myrrh made ? 

Myrrh in coarse powder is macerated for seven days, and 

filtered, and enough Alcohol added to make the Tincture 

measure looo cc. 
What other Tinctures are prepared like the Tincture of Myrrh? 

Tincture of Asafoetida and Tincture of Benzoin. 
Learn the following Tinctures with their ingredients. 

Tinct. of Aloes and Myrrh — Purified Aloes, Myrrh, Liquor- 
ice Root, Alcohol and Water. 

Tinct. of Sweet Orange Peel — Sweet Orange Peel and Alcohol. 

Tinct. Benzoin Comp. — Benzoin, Purified Aloes, Storax, 
Balsam of Tolu and Alcohol. 

Tinct. of Ferric Chloride — Solution of Ferric Chloride and 
Alcohol. 

Tinct. of Nutgall — Nutgall, Glycerin and Alcohol. 

Tinct. Guaiac Ammon. — Guaiac and Aromatic Spirit of 
Ammonia. 

Tinct. Valerian Ammon. — Valerian and Aromatic Spirit of 
Ammonia. 

Tinct. of Nux Vomica — Extract of Nux Vomica, Alcohol and 
Water. 

Tinct. of Sanguinaria — Sanguinaria, Acetic Acid, Alcohol and 
Water. 

Tinct. of Rhubarb — Rhubarb, Cardamon, Glycerin, Alcohol 
and Water. 

Tinct. Rhei Dulcis — Rhubarb, Glycyrrhiza, Anise, Cardamon, 
Glycerin, Alcohol, Water and Diluted Alcohol. 

Tinct. Rhei Arom. — Rhubarb, Cassia Cinnamon, Cloves, 
Nutmeg, Glycerin, Alcohol, Water and Diluted Alcohol. 

Tinct. Opii Camph. — Powdered Opium, Benzoic Acid, Cam- 
phor, Oil of Anise, Glycerin and Diluted Alcohol. 

Tinct. of Lactucarium — Lactucarium, Glycerin, Water, Al- 
cohol, Benzin and Diluted Alcohol. 

90 



How is Tincture of Ipecac and Opium prepared ? 

By evaporating looo cc. of Tincture of Opium deodorized 

to 800 gm., and when cold add to it the Fluid Extract of 

Ipecac; filter and add Diluted Alcohol to make 1000 cc. 
How can a Tincture be distinguished from a Spirit ? 

A Tincture, on evaporation, leaves a residue, while a Spirit 

does not. 
Learn the following synonyms of Tinctures. 

Elixir Pro Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh 

Friar*s Balsam Tincture Benzoin Co. 

Huxham*s Tincture of Bark . Tincture Cinchona Co. 

Jesuit's Balsam Tincture Benzoin Co. 

Stomachic Tincture .... Tincture Gentian Co. 

Laudanum Tincture of Opium 

Traumatic Balsam .... Tincture Benzoin Co. 

Compound Tinct. of Camphor Tincture Opii Camph. 

Tincture of Thebaica . . . Tincture of Opium 

Saint Victor's Balsam . . . Tincture Benzoin Co. 

Paregoric Tincture Opii Camph. 

Tincture of Steel .... Tincture of Ferric Chloride 

Turlington's Balsam . . Tincture Benzoin Co. 

How does Tincture of Deodorized Opium differ from Tincture 

of Opium ? 

The narcotine and odorous principle are removed from the 

Deodorized Tincture, which makes it less nauseating and better 

borne by the stomach. 
Percentages of important Tinctures and their doses. 



incture 


of Aconite .... 


3S% 


Dose, 


I to 3 mins. 


(( 


cc 


Belladonna Leaves 


15% 


cc 


5 to 15 mins. 


(( 


cc 


Cannabis Indica . 


15% 


ii 


5 to 20 mins. 


(C 


cc 


Cantharides . . 


5% 


cc 


3 to 10 mins. 


tt 


IC 


Cimicifuga . . . 


20% 


cc 


I to 2 fl. drs. 


<( 


cc 


Colchicum Seed . 


15% 


cc 


10 to 60 mins. 


(C 


cc 


Digitalis 


15% 


cc 


5 to 30 mins. 


cc 


cc 


Ferric Chloride . 


25% 


of the solution 










Dose, 


5 to 20 mins. 


a 


cc 


Hyoscyamus . . 


15% 


cc 


10 to 60 mins. 


i( 


a 


Iodine .... 


1% 


cc 


2 to 6 mins. 


a 


cc 


Lobeha .... 


20% 


cc 


5 to 15 mins. 


cc 


cc 


Opium .... 


10% 


cc 


5 to 15 mins. 


(( 


11 


Opium Deodorized 


10% 


11 


5 to 15 mins. 


(( 


cc 


Opium Camph. . 


0.4% 


cc 


I to 4 fl. drs. 


cc 


cc 


Physostigma . 


15% 


cc 


5 to 10 mins. 


(( 


cc 


Stramonium Seed 


15% 


cc 


5 to 10 mins. 


cc 


cc 


Strophanthus . 


5% 


cc 


3 to 10 mins. 


cc 


cc 


Veratrum Viride . 


40% 


cc 


I to 5 mins. 



91 



What U.S. P. Tincture is defined as a Hydro- Alcoholic solution ? 

Tincture of Ferric Chloride. 
What Tincture contains Sugar in its formula ? 

Tincture of Vanilla. 
What Tincture contains Acetic Acid, and why ? 

Tincture of Sanguinaria ; to prevent precipitation. 
What are the coloring agents in Tr. of Card. Co. and Tr. of 
Lavender Co.? 

Tr. Card Co. — Cochineal. 
Tr. Lavender Co. — Red Saunders. 
Give the official process for making Tincturae Herbaceum Re- 
centium. 

Tincturse Herbaceum Recentium or Tinctures of Fresh 
Herbs is prepared by macerating 500 gm. of the Fresh Herb, 
bruised or crushed with 1000 cc. of Alcohol, for 14 days; 
then expressed and the liquid filtered. 
What is Elixir Salutis ? 
Tr. Senna Comp. 
What is the object of Ether in the formula of Tinct. Opium Deod.? 

To remove the Narcotine and odorous principle. 
What official Tinctures are assayed to determine their Alkaloidal 
strengths, and what are their strengths ? 

Tr. Opii, should yield from 1.3 to 1.5% of crystallized Mor- 
phine or 100 cc. should yield 1.3 to 1.5 gm. of cryst. Morphine. 
How is decolorized Tincture of Iodine prepared ? 

By digesting at a gentle heat 10 parts of Iodine, 10 parts of 
Sodium Hyposulphite and 10 parts of Distilled Water until 
solution is effected; then adding 16 parts of Spirit of Am- 
monia and lastly, 75 parts of Alcohol. Allow the mixture to 
stand three days in a cool place and then filter. 
What menstruum is used in making Tincture of Nutgall ? 

Alcohol and Glycerin. 
From which part of the plant is Tincture of Stramonium made ? 

From the Seed. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Tincture of Opium. 
Powdered Opium, Precipitated Calcium Phosphate, Water, 
Alcohol and Diluted Alcohol. 

Rub the powders in a mortar with the Water previously 
heated to 194° F., until a smooth mixture is made, and macer- 
ate for 12 hours; then add the Alcohol, mix thoroughly, and 
transfer the whole to a cylindrical percolator. Return to the 
percolator the first portion of the percolate, until it runs 
through clear, and when the liquid ceases to drop, gradually 
pour on Diluted Alcohol, continuing the percolation slowly 
until 1000 cc. of Tincture is obtained. 

92 



Give process for making Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. 

Aloes, Myrrh and Liquorice reduced to No. 40 powder, are 
moistened with a portion of the menstruum (Alcohol 3, and 
Water i) and macerated for 24 hours, pack in cylindrical 
percolator, pour on menstruum until 1000 cc. of Tincture is 
obtained. 
How is Tincture of Ferric Chloride made ? 

By mixing Solution of Ferric Chloride with Alcohol. 



93 



WINES 

Name the unmedicated Wines, and give official definitions of 
them. 

Vinum Album, an Alcoholic liquid made by fermenting 
the juice of fresh grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, freed from 
seeds, stems and skins. 

Vinum Rubrum, an AlcohoHc liquid made by fermenting 
the juice of fresh colored grapes, the fruit of Vinis vinifera, in 
presence of their skins. 
What is the Alcoholic strength of the unmedicated Wines? 

They should contain not less than io% and not more than 
14% by weight of Absolute Alcohol. 
When White Wine is prescribed without further specification, 
what does the U. S. P. direct? 

That a Dry White Wine of domestic production, such as a 
California Reisling, Ohio Catawba, etc., be employed. 
When Red Wine is prescribed without specification, what does 
the U. S. P. direct P 

That a Dry Red Wine of domestic production, such as 
Claret, Burgundy, etc., be employed. 
What test does the U. S. P. give for detecting the artificial color- 
ing of Red Wine with Aniline ? 

If Red Wine be mixed with twice its volume of Potassa 
solution and a small quantity of Chloroform, and the mixture 
then carefully heated, the presence of certain Aniline colors 
will develop a very disagreeable odor, due to the formation of 
Isonitril. 
What are the reactions of the unmedicated Wines to Litmus 
Paper, and why ? 

Acid, on account of the Potassium Bitartrate in solution. 
Name the medicated Wines. 

Vinum Antimonii, Vinum Colchici Radicis, Vinum Ferri 
Citratis, Vinum Opii and Vinum Ipecacuanhae. 
What is the menstruum for the medicated Wines ? 

White Wine. 
Why is White Wine and not Red Wine used as the menstruum 
of the medicated Wines ? 

White Wine is used because it is less astringent than Red 
Wine. 
By what processes are the medicated Wines made ? 

By simple solution, by maceration and by percolation. 
Name the Wines that are made by the above processes. 

94 



By simple solution — Vin. Antimonii, Vin. Ferri Amarum, 
Vin. Ferri Citratis and Vin. Ipecacuanhas. 

By maceration — Vin. Colchici Seminis and Vin. Opii. 
By percolation — Vin. Colchici Radicis and Vin. Ergotae. 
What per cent of Alcohol is added to the medicated Wines ? 

Fifteen per cent to all except Vin. Ipecac, which contains 
\o% of added Alcohol. The Wines of Iron do not contain 
any added Alcohol. 
Learn the following Wines with their ingredients. 

Vinum Antimonii — Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, Boil- 
ing Dist. Water, Alcohol and White Wine. 
Vinum Opii — Powd. Opium, Cassia Cinnamon, Cloves, Al- 
cohol and White Wine. 
Vinum Ferri Citratis — Iron and Ammonium Citrate, Tinct. of 

Sweet Orange Peel, Syrup and White Wine. 
Vinum Ferri Amarum — Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate, 
Tinct. of Sweet Orange Peel, Syrup and White Wine. 
What is the object of boiling Water in making Wine of Antimony ? 

To dissolve the Antimony and Potassium Tartrate. 
Which of the Iron Wines would be dispensed if Wine of Iron 
were called for without any further specification ? 
Wine of Citrate of Iron. 
How should Red and White Wines be detannated ? 

By adding to them some freshly prepared Ferric Hydrate 
or fresh Milk and allowing them to remain in contact with 
the Wines for some days, until a few drops of Tincture of 
Ferric Chloride may be added to a small portion of the Wines 
without producing a dark color. 
Which is stronger in drug strength, Wine of Colchicum Root or 
Wine of Colchicum Seed ? 
Wine of Colchicum Root. 
What is Vinum Xericum ? 
Vinum Album. 

What is Sydenham's Laudanum ? 

Wine of Opium. 
What is Sherry ? 

Vinum Album. 
What is Dry Wine ? 

A Wine in which the Sugar in the grape juice is in moderate 
quantity, and which is nearly or entirely decomposed into 
Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide. 
What is a Sparkling Wine ? 

A Wine that is bottled before the fermentation is fully 

95 



completed. The process will then go on slowly in the 
bottle, and the Carbonic Acid Gas generated, not having 
vent, will impregnate the Wine and render it effervescing 
and sparkling. 
What is a Light Wine? 

A Wine that is made from grapes that contain but a small 
amount of Alcohol. 



96 



TOXICOLOGY 



Give technical name for science of Poisons. 

Toxicology. 
What is a poison ? 

A substance that acts injuriously on the system. 
What is an antidote ? 

A substance that counteracts the action of a poison. 
Name three classes of poisons and their effects and examples. 
Corrosives ; which are caustic and destroy living tissue ; 
such as Corrosive Sublimate, Nitric Acid, Sulphuric Acid, 
Potash, Soda and Zinc Chloride. 

Irritants: which cause irritation and redness; such as 
Cantharides, Volatile Oils, Croton Oil. 

Neurotics : which act on or affect the nervous system ; 
such as Hydrocyanic Acid and Cannabis Indica. 
All Volatile Oils are irritants. 
Name some Narcotics ? 

Opium, Belladonna, Prussic Acid and Chloroform. 
Do all poisons produce their poisonous effects in the same time? 

No. 
How are Poisons always counteracted ? 

Chemically, physiologically or mechanically. 
Give definition of each. 

Chemical antidote: one which acts by changing the chemical 
composition of the poison, and thus rendering it inert. 

Physiological antidote : one which acts neither chemically 
nor mechanically. It is in some cases a counter-poison. 

Mechanical antidote : one which acts by intervening between 
the poison and the surface which it would attack. 
By what avenues, other than by mouth, may poisons enter the 
system ? 

By the rectum, by the air passages and hypodermic injection? 
By which of these is the most prompt effect produced ? 
Hypodermically. 

In poisoning by Acids give Alkalies. 
In poisoning by Alkalies give Acids in diluted form. 
In poisoning by Stimulants give Depressants. 
In poisoning by Depressants give Stimulants. 

97 



Give two names for poisonous dose. 

Toxic or Lethal dose. 
What is the promptest Emetic you know of? Give doses. 

Apomorphine Hydrochlorate. By mouth -^ to ^ gr., 
principally given hypodermically -gl^ to ^^ gr. 

When a poison is corrosive or irritating, on general princi- 
ples, give mucilaginous drinks. Examples are Mucilage of 
Acacia, Starch, Flour Paste, Linseed Tea and Oil of Sweet 
Almonds. 

In poisoning by substances containing Alkaloids, give Tannic 
Acid to form Tannates, or Potassium Permanganate, as it 
oxidizes all organic substances and renders them inert. 
Name four drugs that are poisons and yet emetics in themselves. 
Lobelia, Tobacco, Zinc Sulphate and Copper Sulphate. 
Should these fail to produce vomiting, give proper antidote. 
Give an emetic. 
Name a few general antidotes and doses for the same. 

Zinc Sulphate, 5 to 30 grs. Copper Sulphate, 5 to 20 grs. 
Name some Sedatives or Depressants. 

Aconite, Opium, Belladonna, Hyoscyamus, Stramonium, 
Veratrum Viride and Cannabis Indica. 
Name some Stimulants. 

Digitalis, Atropine, Ammonia, Whiskey, Brandy or Amyl- 
nitrite. 
Name a Cardiac Stimulant. 

Digitalis. 
Name a Cardiac Depressant. 

Strophanthus. 
Name the quickest poison to act. 

Hydrocyanic Acid. 
How is it treated ? 

Give Ferric Chloride or Sulphate with Potassium Carbonate 
to form insoluble Potassium Ferrocyanide. 

In Copper Sulphate poisoning give whites of eggs to form 
insoluble Albuminate of Copper. 

In Zinc Sulphate poisoning give same antidote to form in- 
soluble Albuminate of Zinc. 

For Iodine, Iodoform or Iodides give Starch with a little 
Warm Water to form Iodized Starch. 

In Phosphorus poisoning give Copper Sulphate to form an 
insoluble Copper compound. If this does not produce vomit- 
ing use a stomach pump and follow with mucilaginous drinks. 
Avoid the use of fats and oils as they dissolve the Phosphorus. 
For Bismuth Salts give whites of eggs to form Albuminates. 
For Lead Acetate or Lead Salts give Magnesium or Sodium 

98 



Sulphate to form insoluble Lead Sulphates, or use stomach 
pump or give emetics. 

For Aluminum Salts give whites of eggs to form Albuminates. 
Why is strong Coffee administered in some cases of poisoning ? 

The Tannic Acid in the Cojffee forms insoluble Tannates. 
In Arsenic poisoning while the proper antidote is being pre- 
pared, put the finger in the throat or tickle with a feather to 
dislodge as much as possible by free vomiting. Then give 
official antidote, Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia, or Ferric 
Hydrate. If not at hand give Copper or Zinc Sulphate and 
follow with whites of eggs and water. In poisoning with 
Croton Oil, Gamboge or Elaterin give Zinc Sulphate and 
follow with mucilaginous drinks, then with Opium to relieve 
pain and oif-set purging. 
Name three Stimulants suitable for most poisoning cases requir- 
ing stimulation. 

Ammonia, Brandy and Whiskey. 
How should stings of Bees or Wasps be treated ? 

By application of Ammonia Water, as it draws out the virus. 
In Corrosive Sublimate poisoning give whites of eggs in milk 
or water to form insoluble Albuminate of Mercury. Then 
give an emetic of Copper or Zinc Sulphates or Mustard. For 
Carbohc Acid poisoning give Sodium or Magnesium Sulphates 
or Mustard. The Sulphates form insoluble Sulpho-Carbolate 
of Magnesia. This treatment can be used for Creosote poi- 
soning as well. 
Give antidote for poisoning with Hair-dyes. 

Common Salt, as the majority of Hair-dyes are prepared 
from Silver Nitrate. 
Give chemical antidote for Mineral Acids. 

Alkalies, as they neutralize them. 

Sulphuric, Nitric and Hydrochloric Acids as poisons are 
classed as Corrosives. 

Mustard is used very much as a household emetic. A tea- 
spoonful given in a tumbler of water and repeated if necessary. 
Give antidote for poisoning by Strychnine or its Salts. 

Apomorphine, as it is most prompt, or use a stomach pump. 

Potassium Bromide, Chloral Hydrate or Opium as Sedatives, 
or inhale Chloroform to break off spasms. As a rule emetics 
should not be given. 
Name two poisons by which emetics are counter-indicated, and why? 

1. Sulphuric Acid, especially when concentrated, as the 
effort of vomiting is liable to cause the rupture of the corroded 
stomach. 

2. Strychnine, as it is liable to aggravate the convulsions. 

99 



Why should not Bi-Carbonate of Soda be given in poisoning by 
Hydrochloric Acid ? 

On account of the CO 3 gas given off. 
Why should not Water be given in poisoning by Sulphuric Acid? 

On account of the heat generated. 
Give antidote for poisoning by Gases, such as CI Gas, COg Gas, 
Laughing Gas and others. 

Give plenty of fresh air and artificial respiration. 
Name some of the Stimulants used as antidotes. 

The inhaling of Ammonia, Anyl-nitrite, and Spts. Ammon. 
Arom., internally. 
Give antidote for Chloral Hydrate poisoning. 

An emetic of Zinc Sulphate, stimulate by inhaling Ammonia 
and give Spts. Ammon. Arom. internally. 
What is a Counter-poison ? 

A poison given to counteract the action of another poison. 
Give treatment for Cantharides poisoning. 

Give emetics or use a stomach pump, and give Potassium 
Bromide and demulcent drinks. 
Give treatment for Aconite poisoning. 

Give emetics or use a stomach pump. Keep patient in 
horizontal position and give stimulants, such as Digitalis, 
Ammonia or Alcohol. 
Give treatment for Belladonna poisoning. 

Give emetics or use stomach pump. Then give Tannic Acid, 
Morphine, Pilocarpine or Stimulants. This treatment can be 
used in poisoning with Stramonium, Tobacco or Hyoscyamus. 
Give symptoms of poisoning with dilute Hydrocyanic Acid. 

A peculiar bloated look of the face and neck, difficult res- 
piration and frothing at the mouth. 
Give the principal symptoms of Belladonna poisoning. 

Dryness of the skin and throat, difficulty in swallowing and 
dilated pupils. 

Atropine poisoning produces the same symptoms as Bella- 
donna. 



100 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS 



What is Decortication ? 

Decortication is the process of removing the bark or rind 
from a drug. 
What is Dehydration ? 

Dehydration is the process of removing Water from a body. 
How is Alcohol dehydrated ? 

Alcohol is dehydrated by mixing it with Lime. The Lime 
unites with the Water and forms Calcium Hydrate. 
How are gases dessicated? 

Gases are dessicated by treating with Anhydrous Calcium 
Chloride. 
What is a Reagent ? 

A reagent or test is the substance used in chemical analysis 
to ascertain the quaHty or quantity of the component parts of 
a body, by reacting on its elements. 
What is Distillation ? 

Distillation is the process of converting a liquid into vapor 
by heat, and its subsequent condensation by cold. The liquid 
which passes over is called the Distillate, and that which re- 
mains in the retort the Residue. 
What is Fractional Distillation ? 

Fractional Distillation is the process of separating, by distil- 
lation, liquids having different boiling points or vapor densities. 
What is Destructive Distillation ? 

Destructive Distillation is the process of heating dry inor- 
ganic matter in a distillatory apparatus until all volatile princi- 
ples are driven off. 
What is Sublimation ? 

Sublimation is the process of vaporizing a solid by means 
of heat, and condensing it to the solid state by means of cold. 
The condensed portion is called the Sublimate. 
What is Precipitation ? 

Precipitation is the process of separating solid particles from 
a solution by the action of heat, light or chemical substance. 
The separated solid is called Precipitate. The liquid or what- 
ever chemical substance produces the Precipitate is called Pre- 
cipitant. The liquid which remains in the vessel above the 
Precipitate is called the Supernatant liquid. 

101 



Name some of the terms used to describe the physical character- 
istics of Precipitates. 

Curdy, flocculent, granular, gelatinous and crystalline. 
What conditions modify the character of a Precipitate ? 

Hot concentrated solutions yield Precipitates. Cold diluted 
solutions yield light bulky Precipitates. 
What shaped vessel is best suited for Precipitation ? 

A glass vessel, broader at the base than at the top, and pro- 
vided with a lip. 
What are the Pharmaceutical uses of Precipitation ? 

It is employed as a method of pulverization and purification. 
What is Circulatory Displacement ? 

Circulatory Displacement is suspending a substance con- 
tained in a bag in the upper part of a vessel so that the men- 
struum, as it comes in contact with the substance, dissolves 
portion after portion of it. 
What is granulation ? 

Granulation is the process of converting ordinary crystals 
into grains or small masses. 
What is Percolation ? 

Percolation or Displacement is the process of depriving a 
powder, contained in asuitable vessel, of its soluble constituents, 
by the descent of a solvent through it. The vessel used to 
hold the powder is called a Percolator. The liquid poured on 
the powder is called the Menstruum. The impregnated liquid 
that comes from the Percolator is called the Percolate. The 
residue left after extracting the soluble matters from the drug 
is called the Marc. 
What should be the rate of the flow of the Percolate ? 

Ten to thirty drops a minute. 
What is the object of moistening the powdered drug before 
packing ? 

To soften and cause the cells to expand so that the men- 
struum may more readily and completely extract its active 
principles. 
What are the reasons for macerating some drugs before packing 
in the Percolator? 

To allow the drugs to swell and become more thoroughly 
permeated by the menstruum, and it permits more satisfactory 
packing afterwards. 
When should a Percolator be packed firmly and when lightly ? 
Pack lightly if the drug is porous or spongy and the men- 
struum largely aqueous. Pack firmly if the drug is in fine 
powder and if the menstruum is strongly Alcoholic or Volatile. 

102 



Name two shapes of Percolators, and give indications for their use. 
Cylindrical Percolators, used for drugs that are not liable to 
swell, or when the menstruum is strongly Alcoholic or Vola- 
tile. Conical Percolators, used for drugs that are apt to swell, 
and the menstruum feebly Alcoholic or aqueous. 
What is Re-percolation ? 

Re-percolation or Fractional Percolation is the successive 
application of the same percolating menstruum to fresh por- 
tions of the substance to be percolated. 
In what class of preparations does the U. S. P. sanction the use 
of Re-percolation ? 
In Fluid Extracts. 
What is Filtration, and how does it differ from Colation ? 

Filtration is the process of separating liquids from solids for 
the purpose of obtaining the liquid in a transparent condition. 
This object is accomplished by filters, which can be made of 
Paper, Asbestos or Sand. In Colation or straining, larger 
particles are separated by means of Muslin, Tow or Cotton. 
When should plain and plaited filters be used ? 

Plain filters for collecting and washing precipitates. Plaited 
filters when rapid filtration is required. 
What is Maceration ? 

Maceration is the process of soaking a drug in a menstruum 
or solvent to extract its soluble constituents. 
What is Digestion ? 

Digestion is maceration with gentle heat. 
What is Expression ? 

Expression is the process of forcibly separating a liquid from 
a solid. 
What is Decoloration ? 

Decoloration is the process of depriving liquids or solids in 
solution of color by the use of Animal Charcoal. 
What is Clarification ? 

Clarification is the process of separating from liquids, with- 
out the use of filters or strainers, solid substances that interfere 
with their transparency. 
What is Decantation ? 

Decantation is the process of pouring a liquid gently from 
one vessel to another. 
What is Crystallization ? 

Crystallization is a term applied to the process by which 
substances are caused to assume definite forms, called crystals. 
Name methods for effecting Crystallization. 

By depositation from supersaturated solutions as they cool. 
By sublimation, precipitation, fusion and partial cooling. By 

103 



the action of galvanic current upon a solution, and the addition 
of a substance having a strong affinity for the solvent, thereby- 
withdrawing it from the solution. 

What effects have rapid cooling and slow cooling on the size of 
crystals ? 

Rapid cooling makes small crystals, and slow cooling large 
crystals. 

What is mother-liquor? 

Mother-liquor is the liquid that remains after crystals have 
been formed. 

What is Water of Crystallization ? 

Water of Crystallization is the Water in a substance that 
gives it crystalline form. 

What is Interstitial Water ? 

Interstitial Water is the Water mechanically enclosed in a 
crystal and which causes the crepitation or crackling when 
heated. 

What is Dialysis ? 

Dialysis is the process of separating Colloids, non-crystal- 
lizable substances, from Crystalloids, crystallizable substances. 
The process depends upon the unequal rates at which these 
substances pass through a membrane. Crystalloids pass rapidly, 
while Colloids remain in the dialyser. That which passes 
through is called the DifFuSate and the liquid remaining in the 
dialyser is called the Dialsate. 

How is Dialysed Iron made? 

By saturating a Solution of Ferric Chloride with freshly 
made Ferric Hydrate ; the mixture is placed in a dialyser and 
suspended in Water, which is frequently renewed as long as it 
shows any reaction for Chlorides. Solution of Ferric Oxy- 
chloride remains in the dialyser and is then diluted with suffi- 
cient Water so that loo parts by weight, when evaporated and 
dried at a temperature not above 212° F. shall yield 5 parts 
of solid residue. 

What is Pulverization by intervention ? 

Pulverization by intervention is the process of reducing 
substances to powder by the use of a foreign substance, from 
which the powder is afterwards freed by simple method. Pow- 
dering Camphor by the addition of a little Alcohol or Ether 
and allowing the Alcohol or Ether to evaporate, is a good 
illustration. 

What is the difference between Grinding and Pulverizing? 

Grinding is reducing a substance to coarse particles. Pul- 
verizing is reducing a substance to fine particles. 

What is Incineration ? 

104 



1 



Incineration is the process of heating organic substances 
with excess of air until all the Carbon is consumed. The re- 
maining ashes being the object sought. 
What is Torrefaction P 

Torrefaction or roasting is the process of heating organic 
substances at a temperature less than that necessary to car- 
bonize them, in order to modify some of their constituents. 
Example — Rhubarb is torrified in order to destroy its cathar- 
tic action, but its astringent property is not destroyed. 
What is Ignition ? 

Ignition is the process of strongly heating solid or semi- 
solid substances, the residue being the portion sought. This 
process is employed in the official quantitative tests for Potas- 
sium Bitartrate Benzoate. 
What is Deflagration ? 

Deflagration is the process of heating one organic substance 
with another capable of yielding Oxygen. Decomposition 
results and is accompanied by combustion or violent noise. 
What is Calcination ? 

Calcination is the process of heating one organic substance, 
of separating volatile substances from fixed inorganic matter 
by the application of heat without fusion. Calcination is em- 
ployed in Pharmacy for the expulsion of Water and Carbon 
Dioxide from Carbonates ; as illustrated in the preparation of 
Calcined Magnesia and Lime. 
What is Evaporation ? 

Evaporation or Vaporization is the process of converting a 
fluid into gas or vapor at a temperature lower than its boiling 
point. 
What is Spontaneous Evaporation ? 

Spontaneous Evaporation is the evaporation of a liquid at 
the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere, or without the 
application of strong or direct heat. 
What is Ebullition ? 

Ebullition is the process of boiling. 
When does a liquid begin to boil ? 

A liquid begins to boil when the tension of its vapor is 
sufficient to overcome the pressure of the atmosphere. 
What are the boiling points of the following liquids ? Alcohol, 
Ether, Chloroform, Benzin and Water. 

Alcohol 172.4*' F. 

Ether 98.6° F. 

Chloroform 140 to 141.8° F. 

Benzin 122 to 140° F. 

Water 212° F. 

105 



What is Luxiviation ? 

Luxiviation is the process of washing wood ashes with Water 
to remove soluble matter or Alkaline Salts. Pearl-ash is the 
product of the Luxiviation of wood ashes. 
What is Desiccation ? 

Dessication is the process of drying substances at a low 
temperature. 
What are the objects of Dessication ? 

To reduce bulk, to aid in preservation and to facilitate 
comminution of the drug. 
What is Exsiccation ? 

Exsiccation is the process of depriving Salts of their Water 
of crystallization by the application of heat. 
Name three U. S. P. drugs that have the word " Exsiccatus " as 
part of their titles. 

Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus, Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus and 
Alumen Exsiccatum. 
How is Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus prepared ? 

By carefully heating Gypsum or native crystalline Calcium 
Sulphate, until deprived of about ^ of its Water. The offi- 
cial preparation is a powder containing about 95% of Calcium 
Sulphate and 5% of Water. 
How is Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus prepared ? 

One hundred gm. of Ferrous Sulphate, in coarse powder, 
are allowed effloresce at a temperature of 104*' F. and then 
heated in a porcelain dish, on a water-bath, constantly stirring 
until the product weighs from 64 to 65 gm. 
How is Alumen Exsiccatum prepared ? 

One hundred gm. of Alum, in small pieces, are first fused 
in a shallow capsule ; the heat is then increased until aqueous 
vapors cease to be disengaged, and a dry, white, porous mass 
is obtained, weighing ^^ gm. 
State the relative proportions of Dried Ferrous Sulphate and 
Ferrous Sulphate. 

Three grains of Dried Ferrous Sulphate are equal to five 
grains of Ferrous Sulphate. 
Which form is best suited for Pills ? 

Dried Ferrous Sulphate. 
What is Fermentation ? 

Fermentation is the process of decomposition of an organic 
body by a ferment, when exposed to air and moisture, at 
ordinary temperature. 
What are the theories about the cause of Fermentation ? 

There are two theories about the cause of Fermentation. 

106 



That it is a chemical process, and that it is caused by the 
presence of micro-organisms. 
What relation, if any, do Antiseptics bear to Fermentation ? 

Antiseptics prevent putrefactive fermentation, by destroying 
the ferments that set up the putrefactive changes. 
What is the difference between Fermentation and Putrefaction .? 
When the products resulting from the decomposition of 
organic bodies, by a ferment, are useful, the process is called 
Fermentation. When they are offensive or worthless the 
process is called Putrefaction. 
Name the official ferments. 
Pepsin and Pancreatin. 
What is the difference between transparent and translucent P 

Transparent, transmitting light, and objects can be distinctly 
seen. Translucent, transmitting light, but not so clear as to 
permit objects to be distinctly seen. 
What drug does the U. S. P. specify to be in translucent pieces, 
and why ? 

Ammonium Carbonate, because when covered with a white 
powdery substance it is then the Bicarbonate. 
What degree of fineness of powders are stated by the U. S. P. ? 

No. 80 A very fine powder 

No. 60 A fine powder 

No. 50 A moderately fine powder 

No. 40 A moderately coarse powder 

No. 20 A coarse powder 

What do the above numbers represent P 

The number of holes or mashes to the linear inch of a sieve. 
What is understood by the term "Impalpable Powder "P 

An Impalpable Powder is a powder of the greatest degree 
of fineness, like Calomel. 
What is Fusion P 

Fusion is the process of liquefying a solid by the application 
of heat without the use of a solvent. This process is employed 
in making Plasters, Cerates and the melting of Wax. 
Learn the fusing points of the following : 

Lard 100.4 ^o ^^4 F. 

Lanolin 104° F. 

01. Theobroma 36 to 91.4*" F. 

Suet 113 to 122° F. 

White Wax 149'' F. 

Yellow Wax 145-4 to 147.2° F. 

Spermaceti 122° F. 

Soft Petrolatum 103 to 113** F. 

Hard Petrolatum 113 to 125° F. 

Sulphur (3 kinds) 239° F. 

107 



What is the difference between Dissolving and Melting ? 

Dissolving is liquefying in a solvent without heat. Melting 
is liquefying by heat without a solvent. 
What is Trituration ? 

Trituration is the process of reducing substances to a fine 
powder by rubbing them in a mortar with a pestle. 
What is Levigation ? 

Levigation is the process of reducing substances to a state 
of minute division in the presence of Water or some other fluid. 
What is Porphyrization? 

Porphyrization is levigation performed with a porphry and 
muller. 
What is Elutriation? 

Elutriation is the process of separating, by means of Water^ 
coarsely powdered substances when mixed with finely pow- 
dered bodies. The heavy powder sinks to the bottom, and 
the fine powder remains suspended and is poured off. Pre- 
pared Chalk is a good example of a substance prepared by the 
process of Elutriation. 
What is Trochiscation ? 

Troschiscation is the process of forming the pasty mass 
obtained by Elutriation into dry conical masses. Prepared 
Chalk occurring in cones is a good example. 
What is Comminution ? 

Comminution is the process of reducing drugs to particles. 
What is Garbling ? 

Garbling is the process of separating impurities, intentional 
or accidental, from vegetable drugs. 
What is Carbonization ? 

Carbonization is the process of heating organic substances, 
without access to air, until all the volatile products are driven 
off and the residue becomes changed. Animal and Vegetable 
Charcoal are products of Carbonization. 
What are Lamellae ? 

Lamellae are minute glycero-gelatin discs medicated for use 
in the eye. 
What are Nebulae ? 

Nebulae or sprays are lotions applied by means of Atomizers. 
Name Pharmaceutical processes requiring the application of high 
heat. 

Fusion, Ignition, Calcination, Deflagration, Sublimation, 
Torrefaction and Incineration. 
Name some methods for effecting Clarification. 

By the application of heat, by increasing the fluidity of the 

108 



liquid, through the use of Albumen, Gelatin, Milk or Paper- 
pulp, by Fermentation or by subsidence through long 
standing. 
What are the objects of Precipitation ? 

To obtain solid substances in fine powder, to effect the 
purification of solids and to obtain through chemical reaction, 
substances which are insoluble in the supernatant liquid. 
What is Heat ? 

Heat is molecular motion. 
How is Heat measured ? 

By thermometers. 
What is Sensible Heat ? 

Heat that can be measured by a thermometer. 
What is Latent Heat? 

Heat that is stored up in liquids and gases, and which pre- 
vents their change of state. 
Name, and state the freezing and boihng points of the three-^ 
principle thermometers. 

Fahrenheit — freezing point 32°, boiling point 212°. 
Centigrade — freezing point 0°, boiling point 100°. 
Reaumur — freezing point 0°, boiling point 30^ 
What scales of thermometers are official ? 

Fahrenheit and Centigrade. 
Which scale of thermometer is sometimes called Celcius ? 

Centigrade. 
Give rule for converting Centigrade to Fahrenheit. 

Multiply by 1.8 and add 32. 
Give rule for converting Fahrenheit to Centigrade. 

Subtract 32 and divide by 1.8. 
What temperature constitutes lenis calore or gentle heat? 

90 to 100° F. 
How would you test the accuracy of a thermometer? 

Immerse the bulb of the thermometer in crushed ice for 20 
minutes, and note point on the graduated scale to which the 
Mercury sinks, which should be 32° F., or o" C. If after 5 
minutes more of immersion the Mercury remains at this point, 
the thermometer is correct as far as the freezing point is con- 
cerned. To test the accuracy of the boiling point, suspend it 
in steam rising from pure boiling water; after 30 minutes note 
the point to which the Mercury has risen, which should be 
212° F. or 100° C. If after continuing the heat for 15 minutes, 
the Mercury remains at that point, the thermometer is correct.. 
What is the normal temperature of the body ? 
98.6° F. or 37" C. 

109 



When not otherwise specified, at what temperature are the Offi- 
cial Specific Gravities to be taken ? 
At 59^ F. or 15° C. 
Why is Mercury used as a thermometric fluid ? 

It is readily obtained pure, does not adhere to the tube, is 

sensitive to heat, and expands with greater regularity than most 

liquids, having a range of 700'' between freezing and boiling. 
What Liquid is used in thermometers for temperatures at which 

Mercury freezes ? 
Alcohol. 
What is Specific Gravity ? 

Specific Gravity is the comparative weight of bodies of equal 

bulk. Hydrogen is the standard for gases, and Distilled 

Water for solids and liquids. 
On what principle is Specific Gravity based ? 

Specific Gravity is based on the law first formulated by 

Archimedes, a Greek philosopher, " that all bodies immersed 

in a liquid are buoyed up with a force equal to the weight of 

the liquid displaced by them.*' 
Give general rule for finding the Specific Gravity of a substance. 
Divide the weight of a Body by the weight of Water dis- 
placed loss of weight in Water ; the quotient will be the 

Specific Gravity. 
Learn the following Specific Gravities : 

Water i.ooo 

Chloroform i-490 

Ether 0-725 

Benzin 0.670 to 0.675 

Syrupus i-Ji? 

Glycerin 1.250 

Liq. Hydrargy. Nit 2.100 

Oil of Gaultheria 1. 175 to 1.185 

Nitric Acid i-4i4 

Acetic Acid i-043 

Sulphuric Acid ^-^33 

Sulphurous Acid ^-^35 

Hydrochloric Acid 1-163 

Lactic Acid 1.2 13 

Phosphoric Acid T.710 

Alcohol 0.820 

Absolute Alcohol 0.707 

Dil. Alcohol . 0.938 

Deod. Alcohol 0.816 

Sol. of Hydrogen Dioxide .... 1.006 to 1.012 

Aqua Ammonia 0.960 

110 



Aqua Ammonia Fort 0.901 

Bromine 2.990 

Iodine 4.948 

Zinc 6.9 (when cast) to 7.2 

after it is rolled 

Mercury 13.55 

What is Specific Weight ? 

Specific Weight is the relation of the weight of a body to 
its volume. 
What is Specific Volume ? 

Specific Volume is the relation of volume to weight. 
What is an Alkali ? 

An Alkali is a substance which unites with Acids to form 
Salts, that changes red litmus to blue, and the yellow color of 
turmeric to brown. 
What is a Salt ? 

A Salt is a substance formed by the union of a base or 
radical with an Acid. 
What is a Double Salt? 

A Double Salt is a substance in which all the Hydrogen has 
been replaced by two metals. 
What is an Acid Salt? 

An Acid Salt or Supersalt is a Salt in which only part of 
the Hydrogen has been replaced by the metal. 
What is a Basic Salt? 

A Basic Salt is a salt in which the amount of the metal or 
compound radical is in excess of the amount of displacable 
Hydrogen in an Acid. 
What is a Normal Salt ? 

A Normal Salt or a Neutral Salt is a salt in which all the 
Hydrogen atoms of an Acid have been replaced by a base or 
radical. 
What is a Base ? 

A Base is an element or radical that combines with an Acid 
to form a Salt. 
What effect has heat on the dimension of a body ? 

Heat expands it, while cold contracts it. 
Define the following terms : Amorphous, Isomorphous, Dimor- 
phous and Polymorphous. 

Amorphous — having no crystalline form. 
Isomorphous — different bodies having the same crystalline 
form. 

Dimorphous — crystallizing in two forms. 
Polymorphous — crystallizing in many forms. 

Ill 



What are Hydrocarbons ? 

Hydrocarbons are compounds of Hydrogen and Carbon. 
What are Carbo-hydrates ? 

Carbo-hydrates are compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and 
Oxygen ; the Hydrogen and Oxygen in the proportion that 
forms Water. 
What is Cohesion ? 

Cohesion is the force that holds together hke bodies. 
What is Adhesion ? 

Adhesion is the force that holds together unlike bodies. 
What change was made in the nomenclature of chemical com- 
pounds in the last revision (1890) of the U. S. P. ? 

The basylous or metallic component is put first; thus Sodium 
Chloride, instead of Chloride of Sodium as formerly. 
State the temperatures of a water-bath, sand-bath and a salt- 
water bath. 

Water-bath — 212' F. 

Sand-bath — above the temperature of boiling water. 
Salt-water bath — 227.1° F. 
What is the object of the various baths ? 

To regulate temperature. 
Describe the Water-bath. 

Two vessels are used, one larger than the other. Water is 
poured in the larger vessel, and the smaller vessel, in which 
the substance is contained, is placed in it and heat applied to 
the larger vessel. 
What are Alkaloids ? 

Alkaloids are one of the active principles of plants. They 
are AlkaHne in reaction, usually poisonous, and combine with 
Acids to form Salts. 
How do Alkaloids and Glucosides differ? 

Alkaloids form Salts with Acids, while Glucosides form, or 
rather split up into Glucose and a new body. 
What are the chemical elements of Alkaloids? 

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen. 
What are Amides ? 

Amides are solid, non-volatile Alkaloids. Examples — 
Morphine, Strychnine, Atropine and Quinine. 
What are Amines ? 

Amines are liquid volatile Alkaloids. Examples — Conine, 
Nicotine, Loboline and Sparteine. 
How do the Amides and Amines differ chemically ? 

Amides contain Oxygen ; Amines do not. 
What are the Latin and English terminations of the Alkaloids ? 
Latin termination, " ina.** English termination, " ine." 

112 



What is the difference between an impurity and an adu-lteration ? 

An impurity is the natural or incidental presence of a foreign 
matter in a substance, and which renders it impure. Example 
— Arsenic in Bismuth Subnitrate. An adulteration is the in- 
tentional addition of a foreign matter to a substance, and which 
renders it impure. 
What is Incompatibility ? 

It is a term used to express the effects produced in phar- 
maceutical mixtures by chemical decomposition, physical dis- 
sociation or therapeutical opposition. 
Name three kinds of incompatibilities, and give an example of 
each. 

Chemical incompatibility. Example — Salts of Iron with 
Tannic Acid. 

Physical incompatibility. Example — Oils with Water. 

Therapeutical incompatibility. Example — Aconite De- 
pressant with Digitalis Stimulant. 
What is a Prescription ? 

A Prescription is the term usually applied to the written direc- 
tions of a physician for the preparation and use of remedies. 
What are the different parts of a Prescription ? 

Superscription, or heading of the B^, Inscription, or the 
names and quantities of the ingredients, Subscription, or di- 
rections to the pharmacist, and Signa, or directions to the 
patient. 
Why is Latin preferred to vernacular in Prescriptions ^ 

Because it is written and understood throughout the civi- 
lized world, and this cannot be said of any other language. 
Its professional terms are concise and definite, and it is some- 
times necessary or advisable to conceal from a patient the 
precise nature of the remedies prescribed. 
What are Proteids ? 

It is a general term for the albumin and albuminoid con- 
stituents of the organism. They are composed of Carbon, 
Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and sometimes Sulphur. They 
are non-crystalline, are coagulated by heat and Mineral Acids, 
and are precipitated from their solutions by Alcohol and vari- 
ous Metallic Salts. 
How much do the following measure ? Teaspoonful, dessert- 
spoonful, tablespoonful, wineglassful, cupful and tumberful. 

Teaspoonful — one fluidrachm. 

Dessertspoonful — two fluidrachma. 

Tablespoonful — half fluidounce. 

Wineglassful — two fluidounces. 

Cupful — four fluidounces. 

Tumblerful — eight fluidounces. 

113 



What is the meaning of the term " Isomerism " ? 

It refers to bodies that are composed of the same elements, 
and in the same proportions, but yet are entirely different 
bodies, as indicated by their entirely different properties. Thus 
Oil of Turpentine and Oil of Lemon are Isomeric, both having 
the formula Cj^H^g, yet they differ markedly in property. 
Name ten Aromatic Drugs ? 

Anise, Nutmeg, Coriander, Cloves, Fennel, Cinnamon, 
Pimenta, Mace, Peppermint and Spearmint. 
Upon what does their medicinal properties depend ? 

Volatile Oils. 
What object does Nitrogen serve in the air ? 

To dilute the energetic Oxygen. 
What are Gums ? 

Gums are exudations from plants, soluble in Water, but 
insoluble in Alcohol. Examples — Acacia and Tragacanth. 
What are Resins ? 

Resins are vegetable products, soluble in Alcohol, but in- 
soluble in Water. Examples — Guaiac and Colophony. 
What are Gum-resins ? 

Gum-resins are natural mixtures of Gums and Resins. Ex- 
amples — Myrrh, Asafcetida and Ammoniac. 
What are Oleo-resins ? 

Oleo-resins are natural mixtures of Oils and Resins. Ex- 
amples — Copaiba and Tar. 
What are Balsams ? 

Balsams are natural vegetable products containing Benzoic 
or Cinnamic Acid, or both, together with a small quantity of 
Resin and Volatile Oil. Examples — Balsam of Tolu, Balsam 
of Peru and Storax. 
What is Deliquescence ? 

Deliquescence is the property possessed by certain substances 
of absorbing moisture from the air and liquefying. 
What is Efflorescence ? 

Efflorescence is the property possessed by certain substances 
of parting with their Water of crystallization and assuming a 
powdery condition when exposed to the air. 
What is Hygroscopic ? 

Hygroscopic refers to the property possessed by certain 
substances of absorbing moisture from the air and not 
liquefying. 
What is the term applied to a substance that does not absorb 
moisture or become powdery when exposed to the air ^ 
Permanent. 

114 



State which of the following are deliquescent, hygroscopic, 
efflorescent, and permanent in the air ? 

Potassium Acetate, Sodium Chloride, Potassa, Soda, Potas- 
sium Permanganate, Ammonium Chloride, Zinc Sulphate, 
Dried Ferrous Sulphate, Potassium Carbonate, Magnesium 
Sulphate, Potassium Bicarbonate, Ammonium Iodide, Iron 
Phosphate, Sodium Sulphate, Potassium Hypophosphite, Car- 
bolic Acid, Copper Sulphate, Zinc Chloride and Potassium 
Chlorate. 

Potassium Acetate Deliquescent 

Sodium Chloride Hygroscopic 

Potassa Deliquescent 

Soda Deliquescent 

Potassium Permanganate Permanent 

Ammonium Chloride Hygroscopic 

Zinc Sulphate Efflorescent 

Dried Ferrous Sulphate Hygroscopic 

Potassium Carbonate Deliquescent 

Magnesium Sulphate Efflorescent 

Potassium Bicarbonate Permanent 

Ammonium Iodide Hygroscopic 

Iron Phosphate Hygroscopic 

Sodium Sulphate Efflorescent 

Potassium Hypophosphite Deliquescent 

Carbolic Acid Deliquescent 

Copper Sulphate Efflorescent 

Zinc Chloride Deliquescent 

Potassium Chlorate Permanent 

Name a drug (a) that causes vomiting, (b) convulsions, (c) delir- 
ium, (d) sleep, (e) sweating, (f) stops bleeding, (g) allays pain, 
(h) purges, (i) a cumulative drug, (j) a local anaesthetic, (k) for 
fever. 

(a) Tartar Emetic (g) Opium 

(b) Strychnine (h) Epsom Salt 

(c) Opium (i) Digitalis 

(d) Chloral Hydrate (j) Cocaine 

(e) Jaborandi (k) Quinine 

(f) Tannic Acid 

What is understood by Maximum, Minimum, and Toxic doses 
respectively ? 

A Maximum dose is the largest dose consistent with safety. 
A Minimum dose is the smallest quantity of a medicine 
that will produce physiological effect. 
A Toxic dose is a poisonous dose. 

115 



What is the relation of the dose of a drug per rectum, and hypo- 

dermically as compared to the dose by the mouth ? 

By the rectum the quantity is twice that by the mouth, and 

hypodermically half the quantity as by the mouth. 
What drug is an exception to the rule of giving double the 

quantity by the rectum as by the mouth, and why ? 

Strychnine should be given in the same quantity by the 

rectum as by the mouth, on account of its direct action on 

the spinal cord. 
What is understood by the Combining Weight of an Element ? 
It is the proportion in which an Element unites with another 

to form a compound. Thus 23 parts by weight of Sodium, 

unites ^S-S parts by weight of Chlorine. 
How are Granulated Effervescent Salts made ? 

By mixing the dry powders with Tartaric or Citric Acid and 

Sodium Bicarbonate or Potassium Bicarbonate, moistening the 

mixture with strong Alcohol, then passing this pasty mass 

through a sieve, quickly drying the granules in a hot room, 

sifting and storing in air-tight bottles. 
Name the four Effervescent Salts recognized by the U. S. P. 

Caffeina Citrata Effervescens, Lithia Citras Effervescens, 

Magnesii Citras Effervescens and Potassii Citras Effervescens. 
Why is it essential, in making Acid Nitrohydrochloric Dil, that 

the concentrated Acids be mixed before the dilution with Water? 
If mixed in any other manner than that directed by the 

U. S. P., the Nitrosyl Chloride and Chlorine, upon which 

the action depends, will not be formed. 
What is the cause of the white fumes when Hydrochloric Acid 

is exposed to the air P 

The Gaseous Acid combines with the moisture and with the 

traces of Ammonia in the air, and forms Ammonium Chloride. 
Name some of the classes of official preparations, and give an 

example of each. 

Waters Ex. Peppermint Water 

Syrups " Syrup of Ipecac 

Wines " Wine of Antimony 

Spirits " Spirit of Chloroform 

Tinctures " Tincture of Opium 

Liniments " Soap Liniment 

Plasters " Soap Plaster 

Emulsions " Emulsion of AsafcEtida 

Confections .... " Confection of Senna 

Vinegars " Vinegar of Squill 

Cerates " Cerate of Cantharides 

Ointments " Zinc Ointment 

116 



Decoctions Ex. Decoction of Cetraria 

Infusions " Infusion of Digitalis 

Elixirs ...... " Elixir of Phosphorus 

Extracts " Extract of Gentian 

Fluid Extracts ... " Fluid Extract of Ergot 

Glycerites " Glycerite of Starch 

Solutions " Solution of Potassa 

Mixtures . . . . ^. " Chalk Mixture 

Powders " Powder Ipecac and Opium 

Pills " Pills of Rhubarb ' 

Collodions " Flexible Collodion 

Papers " Mustard Paper 

What Element must all organic drugs contain ? 

Carbon. 
What Element must all Acids contain ? 

Hydrogen. 
What is understood by the term by-product ? 

It is an incidental product occurring while going after some- 
thing else. 
Name two official preparations that are by-products. 

Stronger Rose Water and Stronger Orange-flower Water. 
What are the chemicals that cause the effervescence in Granular 
Effervescing Salts and Tablets ? 

Tartaric or Citric Acid and Sodium or Potassium Bicarbonate. 
What is the chemical formula for the gas given off? 

CO.. 
Name six drugs of animal origin with their sources, uses and 
doses. 

Musk, the dried secretion from preputial follicles of Moschus 
moschiferus. Antispasmodic, dose 2 to lO grains. 

Pepsin, a proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the 
granular layer of fresh stomachs from healthy pigs. Digestant, 
dose I to 3 grains. 

Pancreatin, a mixture of enzymes usually obtained from the 
fresh pancreas of the hog. Digestant, dose 5 to 15 grains. 

Cantharides, the beetle Cantharia vesicatoria. Aphrodisiac 
and diuretic, dose J4 to 2 grains. 

Cochineal, the dried female of Coccus cacti. Used chiefly 
as a coloring agent. 

Honey, a saccharine substance deposited in the honey comb 
by Apis Mellifica. Demulcent, laxative and nutritive, dose, 
ad libitum. 
How do Pepsin and Pancreatin differ in their action on the in- 
testinal tract? 

117 



Pepsin acts on the stomach, while Pancreatin acts on the 
small intestines. 
How are Scale Salts prepared ? 

Their concentrated aqueous solutions are evaporated to a 
syrupy consistence and spread on large sheets of glass, then 
transferred to a drying closet, and when dry the thin trans- 
parent film is scraped off, and these constitute scales. 
Name four Scale Salts of Iron. 

Ferric Citrate, Iron and Ammonium Citrate, Iron and Am- 
monium Tartrate and Iron and Quinine Citrate. 
What gas is inhaled by animals ? 

Animals inhale Oxygen and exhale Carbon Dioxide. 
What gas is inhaled by plants? 

Plants inhale Carbon Dioxide and exhale Oxygen. 
What is the difference, if any, between Iris florentina and Iris 
versicolor ? 

Iris florentina is Orris Root, while Iris versicolor is Blue 

What varieties of Cinnamon Bark are oflicial ? 

Cassia Cinnamon, Saigon Cinnamon and Ceylon Cinnamon. 
What are the official compounds of Boron ? 

Sodium Borate and Boric Acid. 
Name five drugs that are obtained from Coal Tar. 

Carbolic Acid, Resorcin, Acetanilid, Naphthalin and 
Naphthol. 
How many grammes in 165 grains? 

10.6 grammes. 
How is Hydrofluoric Acid made? 

Hydrofluoric or Fluoric Acid is made by the action of Sul- 
phuric Acid or Calcium Fluoride. 
In what kind of bottles should it be kept? 

In Gutta-Percha or Lead bottles. 
What is its most important property ? 

Its power of etching glass. ' 

Define an Alcohol. 

An Alcohol is the Hydrate of a Hydrocarbon radical. 
Define an Ether. 

An Ether is the Oxide of a Hydrocarbon radical. 
Name two liquid elements and a Salt of each. 

Bromine, Salt — Potassium Bromide. 

Mercury, Salt — Mercuric Chloride. 
What is the difference between Naphthalin and Naphthol ? 

Naphthilin is a Hydrocarbon obtained from Coal-tar, while 
Naphthol is a phenol occurring in Coal-tar, but usually prepared 
artificially from Naphthalin. 

118 



What is Weight ? 

Weight is the measure of the gravitating force of a body. 
What is Measure ? 

Measure is the determination of the bulk or extent of a body. 
What is Volume ? 

Volume is the space a body occupies. 
What does the term " nascent state '* mean ? 

This expression is used of elements at the moment when 
their atoms leave molecules and have not yet had time to re- 
enter into combination. 
Name some of the elements having allotropic modifications. 

Oxygen, Phosphorus, Carbon and Sulphur. 
Name ten official drugs that are natives of the United States. 
Apocynum, Serpentaria, Gelsemium, Senega, Spigelia, Stil- 
lingia, Fix Liquids, Resina, Anclepias and Eunoymus. 
Why is Ammonia such a valuable Alkaline precipitant? 

On account of its volatility. 
What drug is defined as a diatomic phenol ? 

Resorcin. 
What drug is defined as a triatomic phenol ? 

Pyrogallol. 
Express by chemical equation the action of Water on Quicklime. 

CaO plus H20 = CaOH)2 Calcium Hydrate. 
What official drugs are obtained as exudation from living plants ? 

Asafcetida and Scammony. 
How are the following gases prepared ? Oxygen, Nitrogen, 
Hydrogen and Chlorine. 

Oxygen — by heating Potassium Chlorate. 
Nitrogen — by burning Phosphorus in the air. The P 
consumes all the O, leaving N. 

Hydrogen — by the action of Sulphuric Acid on Zinc. 
Chlorine — by heating a mixture of strong HCl and Man- 
ganese Dioxide. 
By what system of weights do we buy our drugs, and by what 
do we dispense them ? 

By the Avoirdupois and dispense by the Troy and Metric. 
What is Ambergris, and for what is it principally used ? 

It is a diseased product from the Sperm Whale, and is used 
principally in perfumery. 
What are the sources of the U. S. P. Saccharum ? 

Saccharum officinarum, and from various species or varieties 
of Sorghum ; also from one or more varieties of Beta vulgaris. 
Name an adulterant of Cane Sugar, and give test to determine 
the absence of this adulterant. 

Glucose. If I gm. of Cane Sugar be dissolved in lo cc. of 

119 



Boiling Water, the solution mixed with 4 or 5 drops of Silver 
Nitrate, T. S., then about 2 cc. of Ammonia Water added, 
and the liquid quickly brought to the boiling point, not more 
than a slight coloration, but no precipitate should appear in 
the liquid after standing for five minutes. This shows the 
absence of Glucose. 

What drug is defined as a polymeric form of Ethylic Aldehyde? 
Paraldehyde. 

Which of the following are more soluble in Alcohol than in Water? 
Acetanihd, Arsenous Acid, Boric Acid, Citric Acid, Oxalic 
Acid, Tannic Acid, Caffeine, Codeine, Iodoform, Corrosive 
Sublimate and Antipyrin. 

Acentanilid, Boric Acid, Oxalic Acid, Tannic Acid, Caffeine, 
Codeine, Iodoform and Corrosive Sublimate. 
Is the oflicial Alum an Ammonium Alum or a Potassium Alum, 
and how might these two forms of Alum be distinguished? 

The official Alum is Potassium Alum. Alum when tritur- 
ated with Potassa or Soda gives off an Ammoniacal odor. 
What is Verdigris chemically ? 

Subacetate of Copper. 
What is the Pharmaceutical use of Valerianic Acid ? 

To prepare Ammonium Valerianate. 
Viburnum Prunifolium — (a) common name, (b) part official, (c) 
habitat, (d) medicinal properties, (e) preparations. 

(a) Black Haw. (c) United States. 

(b) Bark. (d) Diuretic, Tonic and Nervine. 

(e) Fluid Extract. 
How is Aloes obtained ? 

By making transverse incisions at the base of a leaf 
How is Acacia obtained ? 

It exudes spontaneously from the bark, and hardens on ex- 
posure. Sometimes incisions are made to facilitate the exudation. 
How is Myrrh obtained ? 

It exudes spontaneously from the bark and hardens. 
How is Benzoin obtained ? 

By wounding the bark near the lower branches, and the juice 
which exudes hardens on exposure. 
How is Copaiba obtained? 

By making a square chamber in the stems of the trees, which 
reaches to the center, and from which the juice exudes. 

How is Mastic obtained ? 

By making incisions in the trunk and principal branches, 
from which the juice slowly exudes and hardens. 

120 



How is Guaiac obtained ? 

The juice exudes spontaneously or is obtained by making 
incisions in the trunk of the tree. 
How is Balsam of Peru obtained ? 

From the trunk of the tree after the bark has been beaten, 
scorched and removed. 
How is Balsam of Tolu obtained ? 

By making incisions in the trunk of the tree. 
How is Tragacanth obtained ? 

By making incisions in the trunk of the tree. 
Does the granular form of a Salt differ in composition from the 
crystalline form of the same Salt ? 
No. 
What is a Normal solution .? 

A Normal or Standard solution is a solution that contains 
the molecular weight of the substances, a univalent substance, 
expressed in grammes, dissolved in one liter of Distilled Water. 
Thus a Normal Solution of Sodium Hydrate contains 39.36 
gm., the molecular weight of Sodium Hydrate, in 1000 gm. 
or one liter. When the substance is bivalent, the solution 
must contain one-half of the molecular weight. Thus the 
molecular weight of Oxalic Acid is 125.7 and the Normal 
solution of it is made by dissolving one-half of it or 62.85 gm. 
in 1000 cc. of Distilled Water. 
What is a Decinormal solution ? 

It is y\j- the strength of the Normal solution. 
What is a Centinormal solution ? 

It is Y-hu the strength of the Normal solution. 
What is Eisenzucker ? 

Saccharated Oxide of Iron. 
What poisonous drug resembles Anise, and how are they distin- 
guished ? 

Conium. Anise has two mericarps and oil-tubes, while 
Conium has single mericarps and no oil-tubes. Anise has an 
aromatic odor and taste, while Conium has not. 
What is Paris Green chemically ? 

Arsenite of Copper. 
What is the common name for Marmor album, and what is it 
chemically ? 

White Marble, Calcium Carbonate. 
What change was made in the nomenclature of Phosphate of Iron? 

It is now called Soluble Phosphate of Iron. 
What class of preparations was dismissed from the U. S. P. ? 
Abstracts. 

121 



Learn the solubilities of the following in Water. 

Boric Acid 25.6 

Alum 9 

Borax 16 

Carbolic Acid 15 

Tannic Acid i 

Gallic Acid 100 

Salicylic Acid 450 

Sodium Salicylate 0.9 

Potassium Iodide 0.75 

Potassium Bromide 1.6 

Potassium Chlorate 16.7 

Potassium Permanganate 16 

Morphine 43 50 

Morphine Acetate 2.5 

Morphine Sulphate 21 

Morphine Hydrochlorate 24 

Magnesium Sulphate 1.5 

Sodium Bicarbonate 11.3 

Sodium Chloride 2.8 

Quinine 1670 

Quinine Bisulphate 10 

Quinine Hydrobromate 54 

Quinine Sulphate 740 

Quinine Valerianate 100 

Quinine Hydrochlorate 34 

Strychnine 6700 

Strychnine Sulphate 50 

Codeine 80 

Corrosive Subhmate . . * 16 

Arsenic Iodide 7 

Silver Nitrate 0.6 

Cocaine Hydrochlorate 0.48 

Which is more soluble, Potassium or Sodium Salts ? 
Sodium Salts. 

Which official compound of Bismuth is the most soluble, and why? 

Bismuth and Ammonium Nitrate, on account of the Am- 
monia Water. 

Which is the best solvent for Alkaloids ? 
Diluted Acids. 

Which is more soluble, the Alkaloid or its Salt ? 
Its Salt. 

What are the principal solvents used in Pharmacy ? 

Water, Alcohol, Glycerin, Chloroform, Ether, Benzin and 
Carbon Bisulphide. 

122 



What two substances are more soluble in Cold than in Hot 
Water ? 

Lime and Lithium Bromide. 
What six Chemicals are soluble in less than their own weight in 
Water ? 

Sodium Salicylate, Potassium Acetate, Potassium Iodide, 
Potassa, Citric Acid and Tartaric Acid. 
What increases the solubilities of the following ? 

Iodine, Lime, Borax, Corrosive Sublimate, Salicylic Acid 
and Pepsin. 

Iodine Potassium Iodide 

Lime Sugar 

Borax Sugar 

Corrosive Sublimate . . Ammonium or Sodium Chloride 
Salicylic Acid .... Borax or Sodium Bicarbonate 

Pepsin Hydrochloric Acid 

What are the official botanical varieties of Virginia Snakeroot ? 
and how are they distinguished? 

Aristolochia Serpentaria and Aristolochia reticulata. The 
roots of Aristolochia reticulata are coarser, longer and less in- 
terlaced than those of Aristolochia Serpentaria. 
What Alkaloid derived from Opium is not narcotic in property ? 

Apomorphine. 
Name some cryptogamous plants or their products that are official. 

Iceland Moss, Irish Moss and Lycopodium. 
How is Gold separated from Silver in Alloy ? 

By dissolving out the Silver with Nitric Acid. 
What is the solvent for Gold ? 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid. 
What is the solvent for Platinum ? 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid. 
What Acids are found in Logwood and Cranesbill ? 

Tannic Acid. 
What is the meaning of the prefix per ? 

The highest of a series. As peroxide, denotes an Oxide 
that contains the largest quantity of Oxygen that can exist in 
any Oxide. It also means through or by. 
Potassium Iodide (a) how made, (b) dose, (c) preparations, (d) 
old name, (e) chemical formula, (f) four substances incompatible 
with it. 

(a) It is made by treating a solution of Potassa with Iodine, 
evaporating to dryness and heating with Charcoal. 

(b) 5 to 60 grs. 

(c) Liq. lodi Com., Ung. Potassii lodidi, Ung. lodi, Syr. 
Acid Hydriodici. 

123 



(d) Hydriodate of Potassium. 

(e) KI. 

(f) Morphine Sulphate, Potassium Chlorate, Spt. of Nitrous 
Ether and Calomel. 

What object does the Charcoal serve in the preparation of KI ? 

It converts Potassium lodate into Potassium Iodide. 
How is Potassium Chlorate made ^ 

By reacting on Potassium Chloride with Calcium Hypo- 
chlorate. 
What chemical change results when Potassium Chlorate is heated? 
Oxygen gas is given off, and the residue is Potassium 
Chloride. 
Name the Alkalies. 

Potassa, Soda and Ammonia. The first two are called fixed 
Alkalies. The last the Volatile Alkah. 
Name the Alkali metals. 

Lithium, Sodium and Potassium. 
Name the metals of the Alkaline earth. 

Calcium, Barium and Strontium. 
Into what does Salol decompose when it comes in contact with 
the Alkaline fluids in the intestines ? 
Into Carbolic and Salicylic Acids. 
What is Iron pyrites chemically? 

Disulphide of Iron. 
What is Maranta ? 

Arrowroot. 
What is the official Latin name for Absorbent Cotton ? 

Gossypium Purificatum. 
How is it prepared ? 

By boiling carefully Carded Cotton in a weak Alkaline sol- 
tion to remove fatty matter; after which it is rinsed with 
Water and immersed in a weak solution of Chlorinated Lime. 
It is then subsequently washed in Water, slightly acidulated 
with Hydrochloric Acid and again well rinsed in Water. 
Give tests for proving that Cotton is properly purified. 

When purified Cotton is compressed in the hand and thrown 
on the surface of Cold Water it should readily absorb the 
Water and sink. The Water should acquire neither an Acid 
nor an Alkaline reaction. 
What per cent of Ash should it leave? 

Not more than 0.8%. 
Into what preparation does it enter'' 

Pyroxylin. 
What is Cellulose ? 

The woody fibres of plants. 

124 



In what form is Cellulose officially recognized ? 

As Purified Cotton. 
What gas is evolved, and how might its presence be demon- 
strated when Chalk is acted on by an Acid ? 

Carbon Dioxide. It turns Lime Water milky, due to the 
formation of Calcium Carbonate. 
What is the composition and uses of Dobell's Solution ? 

It is composed of Sodium Borate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Car- 
bolic Acid, Glycerin and Water. Used as an antiseptic spray. 
What is the difference in weight between a British and an Amer- 
can minim ? 

The British minim weighs .91 gr. The American minim 
weighs .95 gr. making a difference of .04 gr. 
How is Chlorinated Lime prepared ? 

By the action of Chlorine on Calcium Hydrate. 
What per cent of available Chlorine should Chlorinated Lime 
contain ? 

Not less than i,S%' 
What is Chlorinated Lime often improperly called? 

Chloride of Lime. 
Into what preparations do the following enter ? 

Yolk of Egg, Lemon Peel, Black Mustard, Soft Soap, Fig, 
Tamarind, Nutmeg, Oleate of Mercury, Prune, Spirit of 
Nitrous Ether, Stearic Acid, Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, Abso- 
lute Alcohol, Stronger Ammonia Water, Barium Dioxide, 
Spirit of Phosphorus, Reduced Iron, Epsom Salt, Paregoric, 
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, Diluted Hypophosphorus Acid. 
Yolk of Egg — Glyceritum Vitelli. 
Lemon Peel — Spiritus Limonis. 
Black Mustard — Charta Sinapis. 
Soft Soap — Lin. Saponis Mollis. 
Fig — Conf Sennae. 
Tamarind — Conf Sennae. 

Nutmeg — Pulv. Aromaticus, Tr. Lavendulae Comp. 
Oleate of Mercury — Ung. Hydrargyri, Empl Hydrargyri,, 
Empl Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyri. 
Prune — Conf Sennae. 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether — Mist Glycyrrhizae Comp. 
Stearic Acid — Glycerin Suppositories. 
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid — Inf. Cinchona. 
Absolute Alcohol — Spirit of Phosphorus. 
Stronger Ammonia Water — Spt. of Ammonia. 
Barium Dioxide — Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. 
Spirit of Phosphorus — Elixir of Phosphorus. 
Reduced Iron — Pills of Ferrous Iodide. 

125 



Epsom Salt — Compound Infusion of Senna. 
Paregoric — Mist Glycyrrhizae Comp. 

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia — Tr. Guaicai Ammon., Tr. 
Valerian Ammon. 

Diluted Hypophosphorus Acid — Syrup of Hypophosphites 

Learn the following. 

Atropine an Alkaloid from Belladonna. 



Qumme 

Codeine 

Strychnine 

Sparteine 

Hygrine 

Narceine 

Lobeline 

Nicotine 

Papaverine 

Conine 

Thebaine 

Pilocarpine 

Solanine 

Sanguinarine 

Theobromine 

Morphine 

Caffeine 

Eserine 

Hyoscyamine 

Narcotine 

Brucine 

Delphinine 

Daturine 

Colchicine 

Emetine 

Jervine 

Pelosine 

Pelletierine 

Xanthopuccine 



Cinchona. 

Opium. 

Nux Vomica. 

Scoparius. 

Coca. 

Opium. 

Hemlock. 

Tobacco. 

Opium. 

Hemlock. 

Opium. 

Jaborandi. 

Dulcamara. 

Bloodroot. 

Theobroma. 

Opium. 

Coffee, Tea, Guarana and Kola. 

Calabar Bean. 

Hyoscyamus. 

Opium. 

Nux Vomica. 

Stavesacre. 

Stramonium. 

Colchicum. 

Ipecac. 

Veratrum Viride. 

Pareira. 

Pomegranate. 

Hydrastis. 



Veratrine a mixture of Alkaloids from the seed of Asagrea 
officinalis. 

Hyoscine an Alkaloid from Hyoscyamus. 
Cocaine " " Coca. 

Cocinchonine " " Cinchona. 

What special points could be made about Codeine ? 

It has the largest crystals of any of the Alkaloids, also its 
great solubility. 

126 



How is Apomorphine made ? 

By heating Morphine or Codeine with HCl in a closed tube. 
Why is there no official Salt of Codeine ? 

On account of its great solubility as compared with other 
Alkaloids. 
What Alkaloid has a mouse-like odor P 

Conine. 
Which is the stronger in Alcohol, Brandy or Whiskey ? 

Whiskey. 
What is Steel ? 

Steel is Iron containing- from i to 2% of Carbon. 
What is Brass ? 

Brass is an alloy of Zinc and Copper. 
How much Atropine Sulphate is in each dose of the following?; ? 
Atropine Sulph. gr. ij. 
Aquae dest. i fl. oz. Dose, 4 drops. 

Ans, -gV gr. 
How does Egg Albumen differ from Serum Albumen ? 

Egg Albumen is precipitated by Ether, and is insoluble in 
excess of strong Nitric Acid; Serum Albumen is not precipi- 
tated by Ether and is soluble in large excess of strong Nitric 
Acid. 
What official drug must be kept one year before using and why ? 
Frangula. The fresh bark containing Frangulin which is a 
violent gastro-intestinal irritant. In old barks this principle 
has become converted into Emodin and is then a mild pur- 
gative. 
What two official drugs must not be kept longer than one year ^ 

Ergot and Pulsatilla. 
Ammonium Benzoate should be soluble in 5 parts of Water. 
When it is not what is the cause, and what is the remedy ? 
Loss of Ammonia; addition of Ammonia. 
How much Boric Acid will be required to mxake 3 fl. ozs. of a 
3% solution ? 
41.013 grs. 
How much Cocaine Hydrochlorate will be required to make 2 fl. 
ozs. of a 2.5% solution.^ 
22.735 grs.^ 
How much Spirit of Glonoin will be required to make ^6 Pills, 
each to contain J^ of 3. grain of Nitroglycerin P 
Seventy-two minims of the Spirit. 
What are the Pharmaceutical uses of Barium Dioxide P 
For making a solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. 

127 



What is the Pharmaceutical use of Manganese Dioxide ? 
For making Chlorine Water. 

Iodoform — (a) how prepared, (b) chemical formula, (c) medicinal 
properties, (d) dose, (e) preparations, (f) solubilities, (g) what 
per cent of Iodine does it contain, (h) what is Carbasus Iodo- 
form, (i) what objection is there to the use of Iodoform, (j) 
name some of the drugs that have been introduced as substi- 
tutes for Iodoform on the ground of the absence of this ob- 
jectionable feature in them. 

(a) Iodoform is prepared by the action of Iodine on Alcohol 
or Acetone in the presence of Alkali Hydroxides or Carbonates. 

(b) CHL3. 

(c) Antiseptic and Alterative. 

(d) K to 3 grs. 

(e) Ung. lodoformi. 

(f) Very slightly soluble in Cold Water, soluble in 52 parts 
of Alcohol, and in 5.2 parts of Ether; very soluble in Chloro- 
form, Benzin, Fixed and Volatile Oils. 

(g) 96.69%. 

(h) Iodoform gauze. 

(i) Its disagreeable odor. 

(j) Aristol, lodol, Europhen and Sozoidol. 
What are Leucomaines ? 

Leucomaines or Animal Alkaloids are basic substances found 
in the tissues of living animals. 
What are Ptomaines ? 

Ptomaines are Animal Alkaloids produced during the putre- 
faction of dead animal matter. 
What Salt of Quinine contains the most Water of crystallization ? 

Quinine Bisulphate. 
What official drug is obtained from the common Flax ? 

Linseed. 
What actions have whole and powdered Mustard on the system? 

Whole Mustard acts as a purgative. Powdered Mustard is 
Emetic and Rubifacient. 
What gas is evolved when Hydrochloric Acid is poured on Iron 
filings ? 

Hydrogen. 
When Potassium Chlorate is heated what gas is given off ? 

Oxygen. 
When Sulphur is burned what gas is given off ? 

Sulphur Dioxide. 
What by-product is obtained during the manufacture of Sal 
Ammoniac, Nitric and Hydrochloric Acids ? 

Sodium Sulphate. 

128 



Nux Vomica — (a) botanical definition, (b) natural order, (c) 
habitat, (d) brief description, (e) active constituents, (f) prep- 
arations, (g) why is it necessary to macerate the drug in a 
warm place for 48 hours in making the official preparations ? 

(a) The seed of Strychnos Nux Vomica. 

(b) Loganiaceae. ^ 

(c) East Indies. 

(d) About ^ inch in diameter, slightly convex on one side, 
and concave on the other, thickly covered with fine, silky, 
shining, yellowish-gray hairs ; with a slight ridge extending 
from the centre of one side to the edge. Odorless and per- 
sistently bitter. 

(e) Strychnine, Brucine and Igasuric Acid. 

(f) Extract of Nux Vomica and Fluid Extract of Nux 
Vomica. 

(g) To soften its tough and horny tissues. 

Antimony — (a) Describe it, (b) symbol, (c) atomic weight, (d) 
valency, (e) occurrence in nature, (f) name its official com- 
pounds and their preparations. 

(a) Antimony is a brittle, brilliant, bluish-white metal. 

(b) Sb Stibium. 

(c) 120. 

(d) Triad and Pentad. 

(e) It occurs in the free state, but its chief source is the Sul- 
phide, SboSg. 

(f) Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, Antimonii Oxidum, Anti- 
monii Sulphidum, Antimonii Sulphidum Purificatum, Anti- 
monii Sulphuratum, Antimonii et Potassii Tartras enters into 
Vin. Antimonii and Syr. Scillae Comp., Antimonii Oxidum 
enters into Pulv. Antimonialis, Antimonium Sulphuratus enters 
into Pil. Antimonii Comp. 

How are the above Salts of Antimony made? 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras, prepared by boiling Antimon- 
ious Oxide and Acid Potassium Tartrate, evaporating and 
crystallizing. 

Antimonii Oxidum, prepared by adding Antimonious Chlor- 
ide to Water and treating the ex-Chloride formed with Am- 
monia Water. 

Antimonii Sulphidum, Purif , prepared by macerating Anti- 
monious Sulphide with Water containing a trace of Ammonia 
Water. 

Antimonium Sulphuratum, prepared by boiling Antimony 
Sulphide with solution of Soda and adding Sulphuric Acid to 
the hot solution. 

129 



What is Tartar Emetic ? 

Antimonii et Potassii Tartras. 
What are its medicinal properties and dose ? 

Diaphoretic, Expectorant and Emetic. Dose, as Diaphor- 
etic, y^ to y^ §•*• Expectorant, Y^ to y^ gr. Emetic, i to 3 grs. 
What is the difference between a Sulphate, Sulphite and Sulphide? 

A Sulphate is a Salt of Sulphuric Acid. 

A Sulphite is a Salt of Sulphurous Acid. 

A Sulphide is a compound formed by the union of Sulphur 
with another body. 
Learn the following tests. 

Copper — Ammonia Water produces, in concentrated solu- 
tions of Copper Salts, a pale blue precipitate of Cupric Hydrox- 
ide, and with dilute solutions, a deep blue color. 

Lead — Potassium Iodide produces a bright yellow precipi- 
tate of Lead Iodide, which is soluble in Water. 

Silver — Hydrochloric Acid produces a white, curdy pre- 
cipitate of Silver Chloride, which is insoluble in Nitric Acid, 
but soluble in Ammonia Water. 

Antimony — Hydrogen Sulphide gives, with an acidulated 
solution of an Antimony Salt, an orange-red precipitate of 
Antimony Sulphide. 

Arsenic — Hydrogen Sulphide added to an acidulated solution 
of Arsenic gives a bright yellow precipitate called Orpiment. 

Zinc — Ammonia Water gives a white precipitate of Zinc 
Hydrate, which is soluble in excess of Ammonia. 

Chlorides — With solution of Silver Nitrate produces a 
curdy white precipitate, which is soluble in Ammonia Water, 
but insoluble in Nitric Acid. 

Chlorates — When heated give off Oxygen, the residue 
being a Chloride responds to the test for Chlorides. 

Bromides — With solution of Silver Nitrate produce a yel- 
lowish, white precipitate which is slightly soluble in Ammonia 
Water. 

Iodides — With starch mucilage produce a dark blue color, 
which fades on the application of heat. 

Acetates — When heated with Sulphuric Acid evolve Acetic 
Acid, which may be recognized by its odor. 

Borates — Impart a green color to the flame of burning 
Alcohol. 

Sulphates — With solution of Barium Chloride produce a 
precipitate insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. 
Name two official Glucosides, with their sources, doses and uses. 

Salicin, from several species of Salix Willow and Populus. 
Dose, 10 to 30 grs., used for rheumatism and malarial fever. 

130 



Santonin, from Santonica, Levant Wormseed. Dose, i to 3 
grs. Used for worms. 
What color tests do Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Calcium and 
Barium Salts give to the Bunsen flame ? 

Potassium Violet 

Sodium Yellow 

Lithium Vivid red 

Calcium Pale red 

Barium Crimson 

State difference, if any, between Spanish Saffron and American 
Saffron. 

Spanish Saffron is the official Saffron, and is the stigma of 
Crocus Sativa. American Saffron or Safflower or Dyer's 
Saffron is the florets of Carthamus Tinctorius. 
What root is sometimes found as an adulterant in Dandelion ? 

Chicory. 
How many grains of Potassium Iodide will it take to make one 
fluid ounce of a saturated solution ? 

341-755 grs. 
What are the sources of Oxalic Acid ? 

It exists naturally in several plants, like the common sorrel ; 
it is also obtained by the action of Nitric Acid on Sugar. 
Most of the Acid of commerce is prepared by heating Sawdust 
with a mixture of Soda and Potassa. 
What are the medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of Oxalic Acid? 
It is used medicinally as an Emmenagogue: in Pharmacy 
as a reagent. 
What is the dose of Oxalic Acid ? 

One-half to i gr. 
What is the antidote for poisoning by Oxalic Acid? 

Lime, with which it forms the insoluble Calcium Oxalate. 
To what class of poisons does Oxalic Acid belong ? 

Corrosives. 
What is the official Salt of Oxalic Acid ? 

Cerium Oxalate. 
What four drugs are used as Condiments ? 

Cloves, Nutmeg, Pepper and Mustard. 
What change results when Potassium Iodide is dissolved in Spirit 
of Nitrous Ether ? 
Iodine is liberated. 
Ergot — (a) how should it be preserved, (b) how long should it 
be kept, (c) what kind of Ergot should be rejected, (d) what 
are the preparations of Ergot ? 

(a) In a close vessel, and a few drops of Chloroform added 
from time to time to prevent the development of insects. 

131 



(b) Not more than one year. 

(c) Old Ergot, which breaks with a sharp snap, is almost or 
entirely devoid of a pinkish tinge upon the fracture, is hard 
and brittle between the teeth, comparatively odorless and taste- 
less and should be rejected. 

(d) Fluid Extract of Ergot and Wine of Ergot. 
What compound of Silicon is official ? 

Solution of Sodium Silicate. 
How many cc. of a \% solution can be made from y% oz. bottle 
of Morphine Sulphate ? 
Almost 354 cc. 
What are Aldehydes ? 

Compounds derived from Alcohols by the abstraction of 
two atoms of Hydrogen from the molecule of an Alcohol. 
What is Turner's Cerate P 

Cerate of Carbonate of Zinc. 
Give test for distinguishing an Iodide from an lodate. 

On adding to an aqueous solution of the Salt a little Starch 

T. S. and then a few drops of Sulphuric Acid, no blue color 

should appear at once, absence of an lodate, and if present 

blue color would appear at once. 

How many grains of Cocaine in a fluid drachm of a io% solution ? 

5.69 grs. 
How much Corrosive Sublimate would be required to make one 
gallon of a 0.1% solution? 
58.3 grs. 
What is the source of Thymol ? 

From the Volatile Oils of Thymus vulgaris, Monarda 

punctata and Carum Ajowan. 

Give a test to determine the presence of Lead in drinking Water. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen produces a black precipitate of 

Lead Sulphide. 

What chemical process is used in the preparation of Carron Oil? 

Saponification. 
What is the difference between Absorbent Cotton and Purified 
Cotton ? 

No difference. 
When should Wild Cherry be collected ? 

In Autumn. 
How much Corrosive Sublimate is required to make 3 fl. ozs. 
of a 4% solution ? 
54.684 grs. 
If 3 fl. ozs. of Water be added to the solution, what per cent of 
Corrosive Sublimate would it then contain ? 
Two per cent. 

132 



What Metals are official in the free or uncombined state ? 

Mercury, Iron and Zinc. 
If I buy an 8 oz. can of Quinine Sulphate and dispense five hun- 
dred and forty-five 6% gr. powders, how much in grains do I 
gain or lose ? 
I lose 2^ grs. 
Terebene. — (a) description, (b) how made, (c) chemical formula, 
(d) of what does it consist, (e) test, (f) medicinal properties, 
(g) dose. 

(a) A thin, colorless, optically inactive liquid having an 
agreeable Thyme-like odor and an aromatic taste ; soluble in 
Water; specific gravity, 0.855. 

(b) By the action of concentrated Sulphuric Acid on Oil of 
Turpentine. 

(c)C,„H,,. 

(d) It consists chiefly of the Hydrocarbons, Dipentene and 
Terpinene, with some Cymol and Camphene. 

(e) Test ; it should not redden blue litmus paper (absence 
of Acids) and should not be completely inactive towards 
polarized light (absence of unaltered oil of Turpentine.) 

(f) Expectorant and Antiseptic. 

(g) 5 to 15 mins. 

Sulphur — (a) name the forms official, and state how they are 
made, (b) what Sulphur Acids are official and what are their 
chemical formulas, (c) how is Iodide of Sulphur prepared? 

(a) Sulphur Sublimatum, made by subliming crude Sulphur. 
Sulphur Lotum, made by washing SubUmed Sulphur with 

Ammonia Water and Water. 

Sulphur Precipitatum, made by precipitating a solution of 
Calcium Bisulphide with Hydrochloric Acid. 

(b) Sulphuric Acid, HgSO^, and Sulphurous Acid, H3SO3. 

(c) Sulphur Iodide is made by heating Iodine with Sulphur. 
Why is Ammonia Water used in the preparation of Washed 

Sulphur ? 

To neutralize the Sulphuric Acid. Ammonium Sulphide is 
formed which is removed by washing. 
What is the diflference between Milk of Sulphur and Precipitated 
Sulphur ? 

Milk of Sulphur or Lac Sulphuric is an inferior form of 
Precipitated Sulphur, in which Sulphuric Acid is used instead 
of Hydrochloric Acid in making it. 
How does Sulphur occur in nature P 

It is found both in the free and combined states. In the 
free state it is found in the volcanic districts of Sicily, Italy 

133 



and Iceland. In the combined state, as Sulphides and Sul- 
phates. 
Name some solvents for Sulphur. 

Carbon Disulphide, Oil of Turpentine, Benzin and Benzol. 

What compound does Sulphur form with Hydrogen? Describe it. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen or Hydrosulphuric Acid. It is a 

colorless gas with a very disagreeable odor, similar to that of 

rotten eggs, and having an unpleasant taste. 

What are the two methods of Quantitative analysis ? 

Gravimetric and Volumetric. 
A bottle when filled with Syrup, sp. gv. 1.31 contains 23.58 
av. ozs. How much Nitric Acid, sp. gv. 1.42 will it contain ? 
25.56 av. ozs., 1.31, 1.42, 23.58 equal the answer. 
What is the composition and pressure of the air ? 

Oxygen 21 parts, Nitrogen 79 parts. 15 lbs. to the sq. in. 
What is Condy's Fluid, and for what is it used ? 

A solution of Potassium Permanganate. Used as a disin- 
fectant. 
How should the metals Potassium and Sodium be stored? 

On account of the great affinity that these metals have for 
Oxygen they should be stored under Petroleum or Naphtha. 
How can Menthol be distinguished from Thymol ? 

If a small crystal of Thymol be dissolved in icc. of Glacial 
Acetic Acid, and then 6 drops of Sulphuric Acid and i drop 
of Nitric Acid be added, the liquid will assume a deep bluish- 
green color; not so in the case of Menthol. 
What Liniments of the U. S. P. are liquid soaps? 

Lin. Calcis and Lin. Ammonia. 
What official Plaster is called a Soap? 

Lead Plaster. 
What Liniments contain Fluid Extracts? 

Lin. of Belladonna and Compound Lin. of Mustard. 
What Liniments contain Volatile Oils? 

Soap Liniment, Liniment of Soft Soap, Compound Lini- 
ment of Mustard and Liniment of Turpentine. 
What is Saponification ? 

The process of making Soap. 
What two classes of Soaps are recognized by the U. S. P., and 
how are they made ? 

Sapo and Sapo Mollis. Sapo or Hard Soap is made by 
the action of Soda on Olive Oil. Sapo Mollis or Soft Soap is 
made by the action of Potassa on Linseed Oil. 
How might Belladonna, Stramonium and Hyoscyamus leaves be 
distinguished from one another ? 

134 



Belladonna leaves are smooth, Stramonium leaves wrinkled 
and Hyoscyamus leaves hairy. 
Give tests for distinguishing Calomel from Corrosive Sublimate. 
Calomel is insoluble in Water, and forms a black precipi- 
tate. Black Oxide of Mercury, with Lime Water. Corrosive 
Sublimate is soluble in Water and forms a yellow precipitate. 
Yellow Oxide of Mercury, with Lime Water. 
Give tests to distinguish Quinine Sulphate from Morphine Sul- 
phate ? 

Morphine Sulphate is more soluble in water and is colored 
red by Nitric Acid. Quinine Sulphate does not become 
colored by Nitric Acid. 
How should Santonin be stored and why ? 

In dark, amber-colored vials, away from light, as it turns 
yellow. 
Does this change of color effect its medicinal property ? 

No. 
What is Fehling's Solution, and for what is it used ? 

It is composed of two solutions. Copper Solution made 
by dissolving pure Copper Sulphate in Distilled Water. 
Rochelle Salt Solution made by dissolving Rochelle Salt and 
Potassa in Distilled Water. They are mixed when required 
for use. Used to detect the presence of Glucose in Urine. 
What is Di-nitrocelulin ? 

Pyroxylin. 
What substance is formed when Nitric Acid acts upon Cellulose ? 

Gun-Cotton. 
What is a glabrous leaf? 

A smooth leaf 
What is a pubescent leaf? 

One covered with fine hairs. 
Ether — (a) how made, (b) preparations, (c) medicinal properties, 
(d) dose. 

(a) Ether is made by heating a mixture of Alcohol and Sul- 
phuric Acid. 

(b) Spirit of Ether and Compound Spirit of Ether. 

(c) Stimulant and Anaesthetic. 

(d) 5 to 60 mins. 

From what is Glycerin obtained ? 

By the decomposition of vegetable or animal fats or fixed 
oils. 
In the preparation of what official substance is Glycerin ob- 
tained as a by-product ? 
Lead Plaster. 

135 



What per cent of absolute Glycerin must Glycerin contain ? 

Not less than 95 %. 
What is the chemical formula of Glycerin ? 

C3, H,(OH)3. 
What are Suppositories ? 

Solid bodies containing medicinal substances and intended 
to be introduced into the rectum, vagina, urethra or other 
cavity to produce medical action. 
How many Suppositories are official, and give their ingredients ? 
There is but one official, Glycerin Suppository; its in- 
gredients are Glycerin, Sodium Carbonate and Stearic Acid. 
What is the principal Suppository base used in Pharmacy, and 
what are its advantages ? 

Cocoa Butter, on account of its low fusing point and non- 
irritating properties. 
How should Glycerin Suppositories be dispensed ^ 

They should be wrapped in tin foil or dispensed in small 
straight vials without a lip. 
Give general outline for the U. S. P. general process of making 
Suppositories. 

Mix the medicinal portion, previously brought to a proper 
consistency, if necessary, with a small quantity of the oil of 
Theobroma, by rubbing them together and add the mixture to 
the remainder of the Oil of Theobroma, previously melted and 
cooled to the temperature of 95° F., then mix thoroughly 
without applying more heat, and immediately pour the mix- 
ture into suitable moulds. The moulds must be kept cold by 
being placed on ice, or by immersion in ice-cold water, before 
the melted mass is poured in. 
What shapes and weights of Suppositories are mentioned by the 
U. S. P. ? 

Rectal, cone-shaped. Weight, about i gramme. 
Urethral, pencil-shaped. Weight, about i gramme. 
Vaginal, globular. Weight, about 3 grammes. 
What are Oleates ? 

Liquid preparations made by dissolving metallic Salts or 
Alkaloids in Oleic Acid. 
Name the official Oleates, with their percentages of active drug? 
Oleate of Mercury, 20% of Yellow Mercuric Acid. 
Oleate of Veratrine, 2% of Veratrine. 
Oleate of Zinc, 5% of Zinc Oxide. 
By what process might Water be dissociated and what are the 
resulting elements ? 

Electrolysis. Hydrogen and Oxygen. 

136 



Describe Hydrogen and sliow by equation how it can be detained. 

Hydrogen is a colorless, tasteless and odorless gas, and the 

lightest body known. Zn plus HgSO^^ZnSO^ plus H^. 

State Latin names, parts used, botanical sources, natural orders, 

habitats, medicinal properties and active principles of Levant 

Wormseed and American Wormseed. 

Levant Wormseed — Santonica, unexpanded flower-heads, 
Artemesia pauciflora, Composita, The Levant, Anthelmintic, 
Santonin. 

American Wormseed — Chenopodium, Fruit, Chenopodium 
ambrosiodes, and variety anthelminticum, Chenopodiaceac, 
United States, Anthelmintic, Oil of Chenopodium. 
Give the hypodermic maximum doses of the following : — 
Codeine, i ^ gr. 
Glonoin, ^ min. 
Cocaine, i gr. 
Atropine Sulphate, ^^ gr. 
Do elements combine in exact and unvarying proportions, or in 
whatever proportions they happen to be mixed ? 
They combine in fixed and definite proportions. 
What is the source of Ophelic Acid ? 

Chirata. 
How is Quinine Bisulphate made, and how does it difl^er from the 
Sulphate ? 

It is made by adding Sulphuric Acid to Quinine Sulphate 
suspended in Water, evaporating and crystallizing. Quinine 
Bisulphate has 13% less Alkaloid than the Sulphate, and is 70 
times more soluble. The dose is the same as that of Sulphate, 
owing to its greater solubility. 
How could the Alkaloid Quinine be obtained from its Salt ? 

By precipitating a solution of the Salt with Ammonia water. 
Coca — (a) oflicial definition, (b) natural order, (c) habitat, (d) what 
eflfect has it on the lips and tongue when chewed ? (e) active 
principle, (f ) what per cent of active principle does it contain ? 
(g) what is the solubility of the active principle ? (h) what is 
the principal use of this active principle ? (i) what is the dose 
of the active principle? (j) what are the medicinal properties 
of Coca ? 

(a) The leaves of Erythroxylon Coca. 

(b) Lineae. 

(c) South America. 

(d) It benumbs them. 

(e) Cocaine. 

(f ) About 0.5%. 

137 



(g) One part in 0.48 parts of Water. 
(h) As a local anaesthetic, 
(i ) Cocaine Hydrochlorate, dose 5^ to 2 grs. 
(j) Stimulant and Tonic. 
Give tests to distinguish Gallic Acid from Tannic Acid. 

On adding to an aqueous solution i in 100 of Tannic Acid 
a small quantity of Calcium Hydrate T. S., a pale, bluish- 
white, fiocculent precipitate is formed, which is not dissolved 
by shaking — difference from Gallic Acid. Also on adding to a 
cold, aqueous saturated solution of Gallic Acid some Calcium 
Hydrate T. S., a bluish-white precipitate will form, where the 
T. S. is temporarily in excess, and will disappear on shaking. 
When the T. S. has been added in excess the precipitate no 
longer dissolves, and the liquid acquires a tint which is blue by 
reflected light, and green by transmitted light ; and becomes 
pink on the addition of a large excess of Calcium Hydrate, 
T. S. — difference from Tannic Acid. 
What effect has Gallic Acid on Iron Salts ? 

Gallic Acid neither colors nor precipitates Ferrous Salts ; 
but with Ferric Salts it forms a bluish-black precipitate. 
Name a Mineral, a Vegetable and an Animal Acid. 
Mineral Acid — Nitric Acid. 
Vegetable Acid — Gallic Acid. 
Animal Acid — Formic Acid. 
Why is Magnesium Sulphate called Epsom Salt? 

On account of its natural occurrence in the Epsom spring 
waters, England. 
What is the commercial source of Epsom Salt ? 

Dolomite double Carbonate of Magnesium and Calcium. 
Into what preparation does Epsom Salt enter? 

Inf. Sennae Comp. 
Write a brief account of the Sponge. 

Sponge is the horny skeleton of small polymorphous marine 
animals found attached to submerged rocks in the seas of most 
warm countries. They are chiefly collected in the Mediter- 
ranean and Red Seas, and in the Seas of the East and West 
Indies. They are used for cleaning wounds and ulcers, and 
for dilating cavities. 
What are sponge tents and for what are they used ? 

Sponge tents are pieces of Sponge that have been dipped in 

Melted Wax, compressed between flat plates and cut into 

proper shapes and sizes. They are used for dilating the 

uterine cavity. 

Guarana — (a) what is it ? (b) natural order, (c) habitat, (d) active 

138 



principle, (e) medicinal property, (f ) dose, (g) preparations, 
(h) what is Brazilian Chocolate ? 

(a) A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed or 
pounded seeds of Paillina Cupana. 

(b) Sapindaceas. 

(c) Brazil. 

(d) Caffeine. 

(e) Stimulant and Tonic. 

(f ) % to I dr. 

(g) Fluid Extract of Guarana. 
(h) Guarana. 

How could Resin be detected in Resin of Jalap ? 

By solubility in Oil of Turpentine and by gelatinization 

upon a solution made by digesting the suspected Resin in lo 

parts of Ammonia Water at 176° F. 
How could Resin of Scammony be distinguished from Scam- 

mony, the Gum-resin ^ 

Resin of Scammony does not yield a green emulsion when 

triturated with water, while the Gum-resin does. 
How could the presence of Guaiac be detected in Resin of Jalap ? 
If Resin of Jalap be moistened with Alcohol and then with 

a solution of Ferric Chloride, a green color should not be 

developed, nor should a blue color be observed if the inner 

surface of a fresh potato paring be rubbed with the Resin ; 

otherwise Guaiac is present. 
Senna — (a) how is it defined P (b) natural order, (c) habitat, (d) 

active principle, (e) medicinal properties, (f ) dose of Senna, 

(g) preparations, (h) what are the commercial names for the 

two official varieties ? 

(a) The leaflets of Cassia Acutifolia and of Cassia Augusti- 
folia. 

(b) Leguminosae. 

(c) India and Africa. 

(d) Cathartic Acid. 

(e) Purgative. 

(f ) 15 grs. to 2 drms. 

(g) Connf Sennae, Ext. Sennas, Sennas Fl. Ext., Inf. Sennae 
Comp., Pulv. Glycyrrhinas Comp., Syr. Sennas. 

(h) Cassia acutifolia or Alexandria Senna, and Cassia au- 
gustifolia or India Senna. 
A vessel that holds 1000 grains of water will hold how many 
grains of the following? Glycerin, Chloroform, Ether, Syrup 
and Alcohol. 

Glycerin 1250 grains. 

Chloroform H90 " 

139 



Ether 725 grains 

Syrup 13 1 7 " 

Alcohol 820 

How can it be determined that Simple Syrup is deficient in Sugar ^ 
By taking its specific gravity, which will then be lower than 

I-3I7- 
How could Chloral Hydrate be converted into Chloroform ? 

By treating it with an Alkali. 
Give the official definitions of Pale Rose and Red Rose? 
Pale Rose — the petals of Rosa centifolia. 
Red Rose — the petals of Rosa gallica. 
Name the Salts of official Morphine, and which of them is the 
most soluble ? 

Morphine Acetate, Morphine Hydrochlorate, Morphine 
Sulphate. Morphine Acetate is the most soluble. 
What is Lignum Sanctum ? 

Guaiac Wood. 
What is Lignum Vitae? 

Guaiac Wood. 
What is Yellow Puccoon ? 

Hydrastis. 
What is Lettuce Opium ? 

Lactucarium. 
What is the principal source of the Potassium Salts ? 

From an impure Potassium Chloride obtained from the 
Stassfurt Wines, Germany. 
What reaction occurs when the metal Potassium is thrown upon 
Water .? 

Potassium Hydrate is formed, and Hydrogen given off. 
The reaction is accompanied by heat and light. 
Give a test for Nitrates. 

If a small crystal of Ferrous Sulphate be dissolved in an 
aqueous solution of a Nitrate, i in 20, and then concentrated 
Sulphuric Acid be poured in so as to form a separate layer, a 
dark brown color will appear at the line of contact. 
What is the composition of Cow's Milk ? 

Water, Cassin, Albumin, Fat, Sugar of Milk and Inorganic 
Salts. 
How many Pills of 23 mg. can be made from a mass weighing 
423 gm. ? 

Eighteen hundred Pills. 
What per cent of Gallic and Tannic Acids are contained in 
Nutgall ? 

Tannic Acid, about 50%. Gallic Acid, about 1%. 

140 



What quantity of Acetic Acid would be required to make 12 ozs. 
of Diluted Acetic Acid? 

Two ozs. 
Name six Astringents with their doses. 

Tannic Acid 3 to 15 grs. 

Alum 10 to 60 grs. 

Silver Nitrate ^/^ to ^ gr. 

Lead Acetate i to 5 grs. 

Kino 5 to 30 grs. 

Catechu 5 to 30 grs. 

What are the sources of Bromine and Iodine ? 

Bromine is obtained from the brine from salt wells, chiefly 
as Magnesium Bromide. 

Iodine is obtained from Kelp, the ashes of sea-weeds, and 
largely prepared from the mother liquor from the crystalliza- 
tion of Sodium Nitrate. 
What is Kola Nut, and upon what does its action depend ? 

Kola Nut is the fruit of Sterculia acuminata. Caffeine. 
What volume of Ether will counterpoise 4 fl. ozs. of Chloroform? 

8.2 fl. ozs. 
Describe the Leblanc's process for manufacturing Sodium Car- 
bonate. 

Sodium Carbonate, according to the Leblanc's process, is 
made by treating Common Salt with Sulphuric Acid. The 
Sodium Sulphate thus formed is mixed with Coal and Lime- 
stone, Calcium Carbonate, and the mixture heated in furnaces; 
.decomposition takes place resulting in the formation of Cal- 
cium Sulphide, Sodium Carbonate, and Carbon Dioxide. This 
mass, known as black ash, is washed with Water which dis- 
solves the Sodium Carbonate, while the Calcium Sulphide 
unites with Calcium Oxide, forming an insoluble double com- 
pound of Oxy-sulphide of Calcium. 
Physostigma — (a) common name, (b) botanical definition, (c) 
natural order, (d) habitat, (e) active principle, (f) with what 
other constituents of drugs is this active principle classed? (g) 
preparations, (h) medicinal property. 

(a) Calabar Bean. 

(b) The seed of Physostigma Venenosum. 

(c) Leguminosae. 

(d) Western Africa. 

(e) Physostigmine or Eserinc. 

(f ) Alkaloids. 

(g) Extract of Physostigma, Tinct. of Physostigma, also the 
two Salts of its Alkaloids, Physostigmine Salicylate and Phy- 
sostigmine Sulphate. 

(h) Myotic. 

141 



Rheum — (a) common name, (b) part official, (c) botanical source, 
(d) natural order, (e) habitat, (f) active principles, (g) medicinal 
properties, (h) dose, (i) preparations, (j) what effect has torre- 
faction on Rheum, (k) what Mineral Salt does Rheum contain? 

(a) Rhubarb. 

(b) Root. 

(c) Rheum officinalis. 

(d) Polygonaceai. 

(e) China and Thibet. 

(f) Chrysophanic Acid and Rheo-Tannic Acid. 

(g) Purgative and Tonic, 
(h) 5 to 30 grs. 

(i) Ext. Rhei, Ext. Rhei Fl., Pil. Rhei Comp., Pulv. Rhei 
Comp., Tr. Rhei, Tr. Rhei Arom., Tr. Rhei Dulcis. 

(j) Torrefaction destroys its cathartic property, making it 
then astringent in property. 

(k) Calcium Oxalate. 
How many pints in a liter ? 

2.1 13 pints. 
How many cc. in a quart ? 

946.3 cc. 
How many fluid ounces in a liter? 

33.8 fl. ozs. 
Name six metals and a Salt of each. 

Silver Silver Nitrate 

Copper Copper Sulphate 

Zinc Zinc Chloride 

Lead Lead Acetate 

Potassium Potassium Bromide 

Sodium Sodium Iodide 

What care must be taken in mixing and storing Nitrohydro- 
chloric Acid ? 

It must be prepared or the Acids must be mixed in a capa- 
cious glass vessel, and when effervescence has ceased pour the 
product into dark, amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles, 
which should not be more than half filled, and must be kept 
in a cool place. 
How are Arsenous Acid, Sodium Arsenate and Arsenic Iodide 
made and what are their doses ? 

Arsenous Acid — by roasting Arsenical ores and resubliming 
the Sublimate. Dose, Vrr ^^ tV g^- 

Sodium Arsenate — by fusing Arsenous Acid with Sodium 
Nitrate and Sodium Carbonate. Dose, -^^ to ^ gr. 

Arsenic Iodide — by fusing i part of Arsenic with 5 parts 
of Iodine. Dose, -}^ to ^ gr. 

142 



What Bromide contains the largest amount of Bromine? 

Lithium Bromide. 
From what part of Belladonna is the Fluid Extract prepared ? 

Belladonna Root. 
Translate the following. Capiat cochleare magnum post edente. 

A tablespoonful to be taken after eating. 
What is Orpiment ? 

Yellow Sulphide of Arsenic. 
What is Realgar ? 

Red Sulphide of Arsenic. 
Silver — (a) Latin name, (b) symbol, (c) atomic weight, (d) 
valency, (e) occurrence in nature, (f) name the official prepara- 
tions of Silver and how they are made, (g) give the chemical 
formulas of these Salts, (h) what precaution should be taken in 
storing the Salts of Silver, (i) what is the chemical antidote, 
and what compound is formed, (j) what is the dose of Silver 
Nitrate, (k) what per cent of Silver Nitrate does Diluted Silver 
Nitrate contain, (1) for what principal object was Silver Cyanide 
introduced in the U. S. P., (m) what is Lapis Infernalis, (n) 
in what kind of bottle should a solution of Silver Nitrate be 
dispensed (o) what official Salt of Silver may be fused without 
undergoing decomposition ? 

(a) Argentum. 

(b) Ag. 

(c) io8. 

(d) Monad. 

(e) Sometimes found in the metallic state, generally as a 
Sulphide. 

(f) Argenti Cyanidum — made by passing Hydrocyanic 
Acid gas into a solution of Silver Nitrate. 

Argenti Oxidum — made by precipitating solution of Silver 
Nitrate with solution of Potassa. 

Argenti lodidum — made by double decomposition between 
Potassium Iodide and Silver Nitrate. 

Argenti Nitras — made by treating metallic Silver with 
Nitric Acid, evaporating the solution and crystallizing. 

Argenti Nitras Fusus — made by fusing and moulding Silver 
Nitrate with Hydrochloric Acid, which converts part of the 
Silver Nitrate into the Chloride, and thus hardens the mass. 

Argenti Nitras Dilutus — made by fusing Silver Nitrate 
with Potassium Nitrate. 

(g) Silver Cyanide — AgCN. 
Silver Nitrate — AgNO.^. 
Silver Oxide — Ag^O. 
Silver Iodide — Agl. 

14S 



(h) They should be kept in dark amber-colored vials, pro- 
tected from light. 

(i) Common Salt, Silver Chloride, 
(j) J^ to ^ gr. 

(k) 33-3%' 

(1) For the extemporaneous preparation of Acid Hydro- 
cyanic Dil. 

(m) Fused Silver Nitrate. 

(n) In dark amber-colored bottles, to prevent the reduction 
of Silver. 

(o) Silver Nitrate. 
Nutgall — (a) Latin official name, (b) state origin, (c) what prep- 
arations of Nutgall are official ? 

(a) Galla. 

(b) An excrescence on Quercus Lusitanica Lamarck, the 
punctures and deposited ova of Cynipa Gallae Tinctoriae 
Olivier. The insect or fly pierces the leaves and young 
branches and deposits its egg. Juice exudes from the punc- 
ture and covers the egg, the egg develops into a fly and then 
eats its way out. The best Nutgall is collected before the 
escape of this insect. 

(c) Tincture of Nutgall and Nutgall Ointment. 
Mercury — (a) what is its technical name, (b) describe Mercury, 

(c) what is the symbol for Mercury, (d) what is its atomic 
weight, (e) occurrence in nature, (f) how can mechanical im- 
purities be removed from it, (g) name some of the uses of 
Mercury besides its medicinal uses, (h) what two series of 
compounds does Mercury form ? 

(a) Hydrargyrum. 

(b) A shining. Silver-white metal, without odor or taste, and 
the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperature. 

(c) Hg. 

(d) 200. 

(e) It is found in the free state, but its chief natural com- 
pound is Cinnabar, Sulphide of Mercury. 

(f) By squeezing it through Chamois leather. 

(g) In making thermometers, and in combination with Tin 
for silvering mirrors. 

(h) Mercuric and Mercurous. 
Is one pound of Mercury considered a dangerous dose ? 

No. Metallic Mercury acts mechanically, and is sometimes 
used in obstruction of the bowels. 
Name the Salts of Mercury and their preparations. 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum — Ung- Hydrargyri Ammon- 
iata. 

144 



Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite — Pil Antimonii Comp., Pil. 
Catharticae Comp. 

Hydrargyri Cyanidum. 

Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum. 

Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum — Liq. Arseni et Hydrargyri 
lodidi. 

Hydrargyri Ozidum Flavum — Ung. Hydrargyri Oxidi 
Rubri. 

Hydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus. 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis. 

Ung. Hydrargyri Nitratis. 
Name three mercuric and three mercurous Salts. 

Mercuric — Corrosive Sublimate, Red Iodide of Mercury, 
Red Oxide of Mercury. 

Mercurous — Yellow Iodide of Mercury, Calomel, Black 
Oxide of Mercury. 
Give tests for distinguishing Mercuric from Mercurous Salts. 

Potassium Iodide produces with Mercuric Salts a red 
precipitate ; Mercuric Iodide, with Mercurous Salts, a green 
precipitate ; Mercurous Iodide, Hydrochloric Acid, produces 
with Mercurous Salts a white precipitate. Calomel. With 
Mercuric Salts no precipitate. 
Learn the following : — 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum, made by precipitating solution 
of Mercuric Chloride with Ammonia Water. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, made by subliming Mercuric 
Sulphate and Mercury with Sodium Chloride. 

Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, made by subliming 
Mercuric Sulphate with Sodium Chloride. 

Hydrargyri Cyanidum, made by passing Hydrocyanic Acid 
into a vessel containing Mercuric Oxide with Water. 

Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum, made by precipitating an 
Acid Solution of Mercurous Nitrate with Potassium Iodide. 

Hydrargyri lodidum Rubrum, made by double decom- 
position. Mercuric Nitrate with heat. 

Hydrargyri Subsulphas Flavus, made by adding Mercuric 
Sulphate to boiling water. 
What impurity is sometimes found in yellow Iodide of Mercury, 
and how may it be removed ^ 

Red Iodide of Mercury. By washing with Alcohol. 
Why is Corrosive Sublimate more poisonous than Calomel ^ 

It contains more Chlorine. 
Why is Red Iodide of Mercury more poisonous than Yellow 
Iodide of Mercury ? 

146 



in 



IS 



It contains more Iodine. 
Which contains more Mercury, Calomel or Corrosive Sublimate ? 

Calomel. 
Which contains more Mercury, Yellow or Red Iodide of Mer- 
cury ? 

Yellow Iodide of Mercury. 
Why is Yellow Oxide of Mercury preferred to Red Oxide 
eye salves ? 

On account of its greater fineness. 
What chemical change results when Red Oxide of Mercury 
heated ? 

Oxygen is given off and Metallic Mercury remains. 
Give doses of the two Chlorides and two Iodides of Mercury. 

Hydrargyri Chi. Cor., dose 

Hydrargyri Chi. Mite, " 

Hydrargyri lod. Flav., " 

Hydrargyri lod. Rub., " 
Learn the following : — 
Subchloride of Mercury . 
Protochloride of Mercury 
Biniodide of Mercury . 
Perchloride of Mercury 
Mercuric Chloride . 
Mercurous Chloride 
Deutoiodide of Mercury 
Mercuric Iodide 
Prorotiodide of Mercury 
Green Iodide of Mercury 
Mercurous Dulcis . 
Aquila Alba 



. 


iV to ^ gr. 


. 


I to 15 grs. 


. 


^ to 3 grs. 


. . . . 


A to Vz gr- 


Calomel. 




Calomel. 




Red Iodide 


of Mercury. 


Corrosive Sublimate. 


Corrosive Sublimate. 


Calomel. 




Red Iodide 


of Mercury. 


Red Iodide 


of Mercury. 


Yellow Iodide of Mercury. 


Yellow Iodide of Mercury. 


Calomel. 




Calomel. 





Opium — (a) what is it P (b) natural order, (c) habitat, (d) what 
preparation of Opium is official ? 

(a) The concrete milky exudation obtained by incising the 
unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum. 

(b) Papaveraceae. 

(c) Western Asia. 

(d) Opii Pulvis. 

Opii Pulvis — (a) how prepared? (b) medicinal properties, (c) 
dose, (d) name the official preparations with their doses and 
strengths of active drug, (e) antidote. 

(a) Opii Pulvis is prepared by drying Opium at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 185** F., and reducing to a very fine powder. 
No. 80. 

(b) Anodyne, Hypnotic and Narcotic. 

(c) 5^ to 2 grs. 

146 



(d) Acetum Opii, 5 to 15 mins. 10% of Opium. 
Tinct. Opii, 5 to 15 mins. 10% " " 

Tr. Opii Deodorata, 5 to 15 mins. 10% of Opium. 
Tr. Opii Camphorata, i to 4 drs. 0.4% " " 

Vinum Opii, 5 to 15 mins. 10% of Opium. 
Troches Glycyrrhizae et Opii, i to 2 troches. ^^ gr. of 

Opium in each troche. 
Pulv. Ipecac et Opii, 10% Opium. Dose 5 to 15 grs. 
Pil. Opii, I to 2 pills. I gr. Opium in each pill. 
Ext. Opii, }^ to I gr. 1 S% of crystallized Morphine. 
Opium Deodoratum, ]^ to 2 grs., not less than 13 nor 

more than 1 5% of crystallized Morphine. 

(e) The stomach pump or emetics, strong Coffee, Atropine, 
Potassium Permanganate. 

What are the Morphine strengths of Opium and Powdered Opium. 

Opium should yield in its normal, moist condition not less 

than 9% of crystallized Morphine. Powdered Opium, not 

less than 13 not more than 15% of crystallized Morphine. 

Into what preparations do Extract of Opium and Tr. Opii Deod. 

enter ? 

Extract of Opium enters into Opium Plaster ; and Tr. Opii 
Deod. enters into Tr. Ipecac and Opium. 
How many drops are in a fluidrachm of each of the following? 
Acetum Opii, Vinum Opii, Tr. Opii Deod., Tr. Opii Camph. 
Acetum Opii, 90 drops. 
Vinum Opii, 100 drops. 
Tr. Opii, 130 drops. 
Tr. Opii Deod., no drops. 
Tr. Opii Camph., 130 drops. 
How many Alkaloids has Opium ? Name those official. 

Nineteen. Morphine and Codeine. 
How is Codeine prepared ^ State medicinal properties and dose. 
By evaporating the mother liquor from which Morphine 
has been obtained, treating the residue with Water, precipitat- 
ing with Caustic Potash, and purifying by recrystallizing from 
Ether. 
Name the official Salts of Morphine and their doses. 

Morphine Acetate, Morphine Hydrochlorate,and Morphine 
Sulphate. Dose of each, Y^ to ]^ gr. 
Into what preparation does Morphine Sulphate enter? 

Into Pulv. Morphinae et Ipecacuanhas. 
Which Salt of Morphine is the most deliquescent ? 

Morphine Acetate. 
What quantity of Dover's Powder represents J^ gr. of Opium ? 
Two and one-half grs. 

147 



How much Opium in a dessertspoonful of Laudanum P 

Twelve grs. 
What is the common name for Papaver somniferum ? 

The Sleeping Poppy. 
What per cent of moisture does moist Opium lose on drying? 

About 30%. 
What is Svapnia ? 

A purified form of Opium proprietary. 
Zinc — (a) symbol, (b) atomic weight, (c) valency, (d) occurrence 
in nature (e) how does the U. S. P. define Zincum, (f) name 
the compounds of Zinc official, and state how they are made, 
(g) name a deliquescent Salt of Zinc that is a Sedative, (h) 
name a Salt of Zinc that is an Emetic, (i) name a Salt of Zinc 
that is an Escharotic, (j) how could the presence of Zinc Car- 
bonate be detected in Zinc Oxide, (k) what results when Zinc 
Valerianate is exposed to the air, (1) how could Zinc Salts be 
distinguished from Aluminum Salts ? 

(a) Zn. 

(b) 6s. 

(c) Dyad. 

(d) As the Carbonate and Sulphide. 

(e) Metallic Zinc in the form of thin sheets, or in irregular 
granulated pieces, or moulded into pencils, or in a state of fine 
powder. 

(f) Zinc Acetate, made by the action of Acetic Acid upon 
Zinc Oxide or Zinc Carbonate. 

Zinc Bromide, made by digesting granulated Zinc in Hydro- 
bromic Acid as long as reaction continues, then filtering and 
evaporating the solution to dryness. 

Zinc Carbonate Precip., made by mutual decomposition be- 
tween Zinc Sulphate and Sodium Carbonate. 

Zinc Chloride, made by evaporating the official solution of 
Zinc Chloride to dryness, with constant stirring, adding, 
towards the close of the operation, a little Hydrochloric Acid 
to avoid as far as possible, the formation of Oxychloride. 

Zinc Iodide, made by the direct union of Iodine and Zinc 
in the presence of Water. 

Zinc Oxide, made by heating Precipitated Zinc Carbonate 
until CO 2 and Water have been expelled. 

Zinc Phosphide, prepared from Vapor of Phosphorus in a 
current of dry Hydrogen over heated Zinc after all atmos- 
pheric air has been expelled. 

Zinc Sulphate, made by the action of Sulphuric Acid on 
metallic Zinc. 

148 



Zinc Valerianate, made by the double decomposition be- 
tween Sodium Valerianate and Zinc Sulphate, 
(g) Zinc Bromide, 
(h) Zinc Sulphate. 
(i) Zinc Chloride. 

(j) On adding Sulphuric Acid to the Oxide it would 
effervesce. 

(k) It loses Valerianic Acid. 

(1) Ammonia Water with Zinc Salts produces a white pre- 
cipitate, readily soluble in excess of Ammonia. With Aluminum 
Salts Ammonia produces a white gelatinous precipitate, insolu- 
ble in excess of Ammonia. 
Why are some kinds of Zinc Oxide of a yellow tint ? 

When too great a temperature (red heat) has been employed 
to expel the Carbon Dioxide. 
Name two drugs that resemble Zinc Sulphate in appearance and 
with which it has been often confounded. 
Magnesium Sulphate and Oxalic Acid. 
What compound is formed when Aniline and Glacial Acetic 
Acid react on each others* 
Acetanilid. 
What are the synonyms of this compound? 

Antifebrin and Phenylacetamide. 
What are its medicinal properties P Give dose. 

Antipyretic and Analgesic. 3 to 1 5 grs. 
What is its solubility ? 

Soluble in 194 parts of Water and in 5 parts of Alcohol. 
What is the total number of grains in 2 decigrammes, 20 centi- 
grammes, y^ kilo, and 6 hectogrammes ? How many avoir, 
lbs. in the same ? 

2 decigrammes = 3.0864 grs. 

20 centigrammes = 3.0864 grs. 

J^ kilo = 7716.0000 grs. 

6 hectogrammes = 9259.2000 grs. 

16981.3728 grs. ans. 
1 698 1. 3 728 grs. divided by 7000=2.42 avoir, lbs. ans. 
What quantity of Water of crystallization does Alum give off in 
the preparation of Alumen Ustum ? 
45.52% of its weight. 
What will one pint of Ether weigh in grains P 

5286 grains. 
What compound is formed by the action of Chlorine on Zinc ? 
Chloride of Zinc. 

149 



How does the U. S. P. define Elastica ? 

As the prepared milk-juice of various species of Hevea, 
known in commerce as Para Rubber. 
What preparations of Copper are official ? How made ? 

Copper Sulphate is the only preparation official. It is made 
by the action of strong Sulphuric Acid on Copper. 
What are its medicinal properties ? Give dose. 

Tonic, Astringent and Emetic. Dose as Tonic and Astrin- 
gent, 5^ to 2 grs. Dose as Emetic, 5 to 20 grs. 
What preparation of Gold is official ? Give medicinal property 
and dose. 

Gold and Sodium Chloride. It is made by mixing dry 
Gold Chloride and Sodium Chloride. Medicinal property, 
alterative, used in the treatment of habitual drunkenness. 
Dose, A ^o tV gr. 
Give test for Salicyclic Acid ? 

The saturated aqueous solution has an Acid reaction, and 
is colored intensely bluish-violet, in high dilution, violet red 
by Ferric Chloride T. S. 
What is the solubility of Salicyclic Acid in Water ? 

One in 450 parts of Water. 
What substance would increase its solubility ? 

Borax. 
What part of the plant is used in preparing (a) Extract of Col- 
chicum, (b) Fluid Extract, (c) Tincture, (d) Wine? 

(a) Root. 

(b) Root and Seed. 

(c) Seed. 

(d) Root and Seed. 

Name two official drugs that belong to each of the following 
classes : Astringent, Diuretic, Emetic, Diaphoretic, Antiseptic, 
Stimulant, Purgative and Anthelmintic. 

Astringent .... Kino and Lead Acetate. 

Diuretic Potassium Acetate and Digitalis. 

Emetic Zinc Sulphate and Ipecac. 

Diaphoretic .... Opium and Solution of Acetate of 

Ammonium. 
Antiseptic .... Carbolic Acid and Corrosive Sub- 
limate. 
Stimulant .... Strychnine and Ammonia. 
Purgative .... Magnesium Sulphate and Senna. 
Anthelmintic . . . Santonin and Pinkroot. 
Phenol — (a) common name, (b) source, (c) chemical formula^ 
(d) what are its preparations ^ (e) solubility in Water and in 

150 



Alcohol, (f ) what per cent of water will liquify it ? (g) medicinal 
properties, (h) dose. 

(a) Carbolic Acid. 

(b) A constituent of Coal-tar, obtained by fractional dis- 
tillation and subsequently purified. 

(c) CeH.OH. 

(d) Glycerite of Carbolic Acid and Ointment of Carbolic 
Acid. 

(e) Very soluble in Alcohol, and soluble in about 15 parts 
of Water. 

(f) Eight per cent. 

(g) Antiseptic and Escharotic. 
(h) One to three grs. 

What chemical change results when Corrosive Sublimate is dis- 
solved in a solution of Potassium Iodide. 

Red Iodide of Mercury is formed. 
What are the white fumes that form when the stoppers from an 
Ammonia Water bottle and from a Hydrochloric Acid bottle 
are brought in contact ? 

Ammonium Chloride. 
If 52.49 cc of a liquid weigh 1 207 grs., what is its specific gravity ? 

1.49 divide 78.21 grammes in 1207 grains by 52.49 gives 
answer. 
What is the specific gravity of a substance of which 9.7 cc equal 
40.74 grammes? 

4.2 sp. gravity, divide 40.74 by 9.7. 
What is the specific gravity of a liquid of which one avoir, lb. 
measures one pint ? 

0.96 sp. gravity. 
Name three kinds of ounces with their equivalents in grains. 

Troy ounce 480 grains. 

Avoirdupois ounce 437*5 grains. 

Fluid ounce 455*7 grains. 

How much does the British Fluid Ounce weigh ? 

437-5 grains. 
How many Ounces in an Imperial Pint? 

20 ounces. 
How many Ounces in a Wine Pint ? 

16 ounces. 
How much Opium in a tablespoonful of Laudanum ? 

24 grains. 
How much Opium in a Fluid Ounce of Paregoric? 

1.92 or nearly 2 grains. 
What quantity of Morphine is in a half ounce of Laudanum ? 

3.12 grains to 2-^ grains. 

161 



What is the principal use of Tincture of Quillaja ? 
As an emulsifier. 

What Tincture contains Sugar in its formula ? 
Tincture of Vanilla. 

Aloes — (a) what are the official varieties, (b) how are they de- 
fined by the U. S. P., (c) natural order, (d) how can the dif- 
ferent varieties be distinguished (e) active principle, (f) which 
variety yields the largest quantity of this active principle, (g) 
medicinal properties, (h) dose, (i) which variety is purified, (j) 
how is it purified, (k) what impurities are removed? 

(a) Barbadoes Aloes and Socotrine Aloes. 

(b) Barbadoes Aloes, the inspissated juice of the leaves of 
Aloe vera. Socotrine Aloes, the inspissated juice of the leaves 
of Aloe Perryi. 

(c) Liliaceae. 

(d) Barbadoes Aloes mixed with Nitric Acid acquires a red 
color. Socotrine Aloes mixed with Nitric Acid acquires a 
reddish-brown color. 

(e) Aloin, that obtained from Barbadoes Aloes is called 
Barboloin, and that from Socotrine Aloes, Socaloin. 

(f) Barbadoes Aloes. 

(g) Purgative, Emmenagogue and Tonic, 
(h) 5^ to 15 grs. 

(i) Socotrine Aloes. 

(j) The U. S. P. directs that 1000 gm. of Socotrine Aloes 
be melted on a water-bath, then 200 cc. of Alcohol be added, 
the mixture to be stirred well and passed through a No. 60 
sieve which has been dipped in Boiling Water, then the strained 
mixture is to be evaporated on a water-bath until a thread of 
the mass, on cooling, becomes brittle. 

(k) Pieces of wood and leaves. 
Give ingredients and quantities for making one liter of Paregoric. 

Powd. Opium .... 4 gm. 

Benzoic Acid 4 gm. 

Camphor 4 gm. 

Oil of Anise 4 cc. 

Glycerin 40 cc. 

Diluted Alcohol .... A sufficient quantity to make 

one liter or 1000 cc. 
When should Alcohol and when Diluted Alcohol be used as 
menstrua? 

Alcohol, for drugs that are insoluble in Water, such as 
Resins and Gum-resins. 

Diluted Alcohol, for drugs that are soluble both in Alcohol 

152 



and in Water ; or when one or more of the ingredients are 
soluble in one ftuid, and one or more in the other. 
Digitalis — (a) common name, (b) part official, (c) botanical 
source, (d) official description, (e) natural order, (f) habitat, 
(g) when must it be collected, (h) medicinal properties, (i) 
official preparations, (j) active principle, (k) what varieties of 
the active principle are on the market, (1) how may they be 
distinguished, (m) how much Digitalis would be required to 
make one liter of the Infusion, (n) dose, (o) what official drug 
resembles Digitalis in action P 

(a) Foxglove. 

(b) Leaves. 

(c) Digitalis purpurea. 

(d) From lo to 30 cm. long; ovate or ovate-oblong, nar- 
rowed into a petiole ; crenate ; dull green, densely and finely 
pubescent; wrinkled above; paler and reticulate beneath; 
midrib near the base broad ; odor slight, somewhat tea-like ; 
taste, bitter, nauseous. 

(e) Scrophularineae. 

(f) Europe; cultivated in the United States. 

(g) From plants of the second year's growth, 
(h) Cardiac Stimulant and Diuretic. 

(i) Ext. of Digitalis, Fluid Ext. of Digitalis, Infusion of 
Digitalis and Tincture of Digitalis, 
(j) Digitalis, 
(k) French and German. 

(1) The German is more soluble in Water than the French, 
(m) 15 grammes, 
(n) J^ to 2 grs. 
(o) Strophanthus. 
What is British Gum, how prepared, and how does it react with 
Iodine? 

British Gum or Dextrin, is prepared by heating Starch, or 
by boiling it with Water acidulated with Nitric Acid. Iodine 
colors it red or pink. 
How many minims in a cc. ? 

16.23. 
What is the common name for the drug whose botanical source 
is Cactus grandiflora, and what is its medicinal property ? 
Night-blooming Cereus ; Cardiac Stimulant. 
Name six chemicals that Glycerin will dissolve. 

Resorcin, Borax, Boric Acid, Tannic Acid, Gallic Acid and 
Carbolic Acid. 
Give the official definitions of Turpentine and Canada Tur- 
pentine. 

153 



Turpentine, a concrete Oleoresin obtained from Pinus palus- 
tris, and other species of Pinus. 

Canada Turpentine, a liquid Oleoresin obtained from Abies 
Balsamea. 
Name three vegetable substances that contain Hydrocyanic Acid. 

Bitter Almond, Wild Cherry and Cherry Laurel leaves. 
What class of preparations, when triturated with Water, form 
Emulsions ? 
Gum-resins. 
What is the difference between Camphorated Oil and Liniment 
of Camphor ? 
No difference. 
What are Hips ? 

Hip is the fruit of the dog-rose or wild briar. 
What is Balsam of Fir ? 
Canada Turpentine. 
Give test for determining the strength of Acid Hydrocyanic Dil. 
Mix in a flask, of the capacity of loo cc, 0.27 gm. of 
Hydrocyanic Acid with sufficient Water and Magnesia to 
make an opaque mixture of about 10 cc. Add to this 2 or 
3 drops of Potassium Chromate T. S. and then from a burette, 
decinormal Silver Nitrate V. S. until a red tint is produced 
which does not again disappear by shaking. Each cc. of Silver 
Nitrate V. S. indicates 1% of absolute Hydrocyanic Acid. 
After ascertaining the strength, dilute it with Distilled Water 
so as to bring it to the strength of 2% of Absolute Acid. 
Lastly test the finished product again, when 1.35 gm. of it 
should require for complete precipitation, 10 cc. of decinormal 
Silver Nitrate V. S. 
Name six drugs belonging to the order Compositoe. 

Absinthium, Anthemis, Matricaria, Calendula, Eupatorium 
and Tanacetum. 
Name six drugs belonging to the Mint family. 

Peppermint, Spearmint, Sage, Pennyroyal, Balm, Horehound. 
Name five drugs of the order Rutaceae. 

Buchu, Lemon Peel, Bitter Orange Peel, Sweet Orange 
Peel and Jaborandi. 
What is the best solvent for each of the following ? 

Borax, Boric Acid, Chromic Acid, Carbolic Acid, Sugar of 
Lead and Tannic Acid. 
Borax — Glycerin. 
Chromic Acid — Water. 
Carbolic Acid — Alcohol. 
Sugar of Lead — Water. 
Tannic Acid — Alcohol. 

154 



What is Sorghum, and what official drug is derived from it? 

Sorghum is Chinese Sugar-cane. Saccharum. 
What official drugs are obtained from Ovis Aries ? 

Lanolin and Suet. 
Camphor — (a) what is it, (b) state the source, (c) natural order> 
(d) habitat, (e) how extracted, (f) what are its medicinal prop- 
erties, (g) dose, (h) solubility, (i) preparation, (j) what com- 
pound of Camphor is official, and how is it made, (k) by what 
process is Camphor purified ? 

(a) A Stearopten. 

(b) Cinnamonum Camphora. 

(c) Laurinae. 

(d) China and Japan. 

(e) The roots and small branches are cut mto chips and 
placed with a little Water in iron vessels lined with rice straw, 
and moderate heat applied. The Camphor volatizes and con- 
denses on the straw ; it is also prepared by boiling the com- 
minuted plant, and allowing the Camphor to adhere to the 
stick used for stirring. 

(f) Antispasmodic, Sedative and Anaphrodisiac. 

(g) I to lo grs. 

(h) Very sparingly soluble in Water, but readily soluble in 
Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform, Carbon Bisulphide, Benzin and 
Fixed and Volatile Oils. 

(i) Aqua Camphorae, Lin. Camphorse, Lin. Saponis, Spt. 
Camphorae and Tinct. Opii Camph. 

(k) Monobromated Camphor, made by heating Camphor 
and Bromine together in a flask, 

(k) By sublimation. 
What is Dragon's blood, and what are its uses ? 

A resinous substance obtained from the fruit ot several 
species of Calamus ; used as a coloring agent to plasters, paints 
and varnishes. 
What is known of Apiol ^ 

Apiol is a green, oily fluid, and is the active principle of 
Parsley. Soluble in Alcohol. Used as an Emmenagogue, 
and for Malaria. Dose, 5 to 15 mins. 
What is known of Ingluvin? 

Ingluvin is a powder prepared from the gizzard of the 
fowl. It is used for Dyspepsia and for the vomiting of preg- 
nancy. Dose, 5 to 20 grs. 
What substance is thrown down when Water is added to Tinc- 
ture of Cimicifuga ? 

Macrotin and Cimicifugin. 

155 



What Salt of Mercury enters into the formula of the Oleate ? 

Yellow Oxide of Mercury. 
Cutch — (a) what is its Latin official title, (b) botanical source, 

(d) natural order, (e) medicinal property, (g) what are its 

preparations ? 

(a) Catechu. 

(b) An extract from the wood of Acacia Catechu. 

(c) Leguminosse. 

(d) The wood is reduced to chips and boiled in unglazed, 
earthen vessels ; the decoction thus obtained is evaporated by 
artificial heat, and is then spread on mats to dry in the sun. 

(e) Astringent. 

(g) Tinct. Catechu Comp. and Troch Catechu. 
What is Protargol ? 

A pfotoid compound of Silver, occurring as a fine, yellow 
powder, soluble in Water. Used as an injection, ^ to 2% in 
Gonorrhoea. 
What form of Iron is used in the preparation of Iron Plaster? 

Ferric Hydrate. 
What official drug is obtained from Sabadilla Seed ? 

Veratrine. 
How can a Carbonate be converted into a Bicarbonate ? 

By passing Carbon Dioxide through a solution of a Car- 
bonate. 
What Sulphocarbolate is official and how is it prepared ? 

Sodium Sulphocarbolate, made by dissolving Sodium Car- 
bonate in Sulpho-Carbolic Acid. 
State the chemical and physical differences between the Red and 
Yellow Oxides of Mercury. 

Red and Yellow Oxides of Mercury have the same chemical 
composition, H^O. Physically, the Red Oxide occurs as 
heavy, orange-red crystalline scales, or as a crystalline powder, 
while the Yellow Oxide occurs as a light orange-yellow, amor- 
phous, impalpable powder, turning dark on exposure to air. 
Express in troy measure what quantities of ingredients should 
be used to make i Seidlitz Powder. 

Rochelle Salt 120 grs. 

Sodium Bicarbonate 40 grs. 

Tartaric Acid 35 grs. 

What chemical change takes place in mixing a Seidlitz Powder ? 
The Tartaric Acid acts on the Sodium Bicarbonate, form- 
ing Sodium Tartrate, and the escaping Carbon Dioxide causes 
the effervescence. 
What are the constituents of the following ? Quassia, Kino, 
Gentian and Chirata. 

156 



Quassia . . Quassia and a Volatile Oil. 
Kino . . Kino-Tannic Acid and Kinoin. 
Gentian . . Gentiopiorin, Gentisic Acid, Gum and Sugar 
Chirata . . Ophelic Acid and Chiratin. 
What is Heavy Oil of Zinc? 

A complex mixture of Ethyl Sulphate, and varying propor- 
tions of certain polymeric Hydrocarbons, such as Etherin and 
Etherol. 
What is Chrysarobin ? 

A neutral principle, in its commercial, and more or less 
impure form extracted from Goa powder, a substance found 
deposited in the wood of Andira Araroba. 
What are the medicinal properties of Chrysarobin ? 
It is used as an Antiparasitic in skin diseases. 
What is the difference between Chrysaphanic Acid and Chry- 
sarobin ? 

Chrysaphanic Acid is Oxidized Chrysarobin. 
What is Dracontium foetidum, and what is its medicinal prop- 
erty ? 

Skunk Cabbage. Antispasmodic. 
Give a simple test for detecting the presence of Calcium Sulphate 
in Precipitated Sulphur. 

On heating a sample of Precipitated Sulphur it will not be 
wholly volatilized. 
In what Official Tinctures is Precipitated Calcium Phosphate 
used, and for what purpose.'' 

In Tincture of Opium and in Deodorized Tincture of Opium. 
To facilitate the percolation of the very fine (No. 80) pow- 
dered Opium. 
Is Hydrogen, like Oxygen, a supporter of combustion? 

Hydrogen is combustible, but is not a supporter of com- 
bustion. 
Name the compounds of Oxygen with Nitrogen. 

Nitrogen Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitrogen Trioxide, 
Nitrogen Tetroxide and Nitrogen Pentoxide. 
Which of the above compounds is called Laughing Gas ? 

Nitrogen Monoxide or Nitrous Oxide. 
How is it prepared, and for what is it used ? 

It is prepared by heating crystals of Ammonium Nitrate in 
a flask, and collecting the gas over Warm Water, as it is 
appreciably soluble in Cold Water. It is used as an Anaes- 
thetic in Dentistry. 
What is Guaiacol ? 

The principal constituent of Creosote, a colorless liquid 

157 



soluble in Alcohol, Ether and Fixed Oils ; but sparingly sol- 
uble in Water. It is used in Phthisis. Dose, i to 4 mins. 
Name a common adulterant of powdered Acacia, and how can 
its presence be detected ? 

Starch. The powder is colored blue by Iodine test solution. 
With what substances is Acacia incompatible ? 

Borax, Alcohol, Ferric Chloride and Lead Salts. 
How is commercial Sodium Bicarbonate purified ? 

By washing with Water until the Washings give no precipi- 
tate with Magnesium Sulphate. 
How many avoir, ounces are contained in the sum of ij/^ troy 
lbs., 10 avoir, ounces, 35 grammes and 835 grains ? 
32.8 avoir, ounces. 
How much Morphine Sulphate in 10 grains of Tully's Powder? 

One-sixth grain. 
What was formerly used as the diluent in Dover's Powder ? 

Potassium Sulphate. 
What Acid is prepared from Argols, and give simple test for it. 
Tartaric Acid. When heated to a temperature above 375° F. 
it emits the odor of burning Sugar. 
Describe Acetone, state how it is made, and its uses. 

Acetone is a colorless, mobile, inflammable liquid, miscible 
in all proportions with Alcohol and Water. Specific gravity 
0.79. It is made by the action of dry heat on any metallic 
Acetate. It is used in the manufacture of Chloroform. 
What is Heroin ? 

Heroin is a diacetic derivative of Morphine, recommended 
in place of Morphine and Codeine. Used in Bronchitis. 
Dose, yg to % gr. 
How much Corrosive Sublimate would be required to make one 
gallon of 1.2000 solution ? 
29.1 grs. 
What substance is formed when Cellulose is treated with strong 
Sulphuric Acid or Phosphoric Acid ? 
Dextrin. 
Name three kinds of Sugar. 
Saccharose or Cane Sugar. 
Glucose or Grape Sugar. 
Lactose or Milk Sugar. 
What are formed when Haloids combine with Hydrogen ? 

Acids. 
What drug is it, though worm-eaten, its medicinal property is 
not impaired ? 
Jalap. 

158 



What is Nitrobenzol ? 

Artificial Oil of Bitter Almond. 
How does the U. S. P. define Ferrum ? 

Metallic Iron, in the form of fine, bright and non-elastic 
wire. 
What two classes of Salts does Iron form, and explain the dif- 
ference. 

Two classes of Iron Salts exist, the Ferrous and the Ferric; 
in the Ferrous Salts the Iron is exerting only part of its 
atomicity, acting as a dyad, whereas in the Ferric Salts it is 
exerting its full atomicity, acting as a tetrad. 
How would you raise a Ferrous into a Ferric Salt? 

Nitric Acid with heat will raise a Ferrous Salt to the Ferric ; 
or by exposing it to air ; or by passing Chlorine Gas through 
a solution of Ferrous Salt raises it to the Ferric state. 
How should a Ferric Salt be reduced to a Ferrous Salt? 

By passing a sulphuretted Hydrogen through a solution of 
a Ferric Salt reduces it to the Ferrous state. Sulphur being 
thrown down; or by adding solution of Stannous Chloride to 
a Ferric Salt reduces it to the Ferrous state. 
What is the difference in color between Ferric and Ferrous Salts ? 
Ferric Salts are generally reddish or yellowish-brown, while 
Ferrous Salts are green. 
Give tests to distinguish Ferrous from Ferric Salts. 

Potassium Ferrocyanide produces a white precipitate, chang- 
ing to light blue with Ferrous Salts ; while with Ferric Salts 
it produces a dark precipitate, prussian blue. Potassium 
Ferrocyanide produces a dark blue precipitate, TurnbuU's 
blue with Ferrous Salts ; while with Ferric Salts no precipitate 
is formed, but a brown color is produced. 
What is Prussian Blue chemically ? 

Ferric Ferrocyanide. 
What is TurnbulFs Blue chemically ? 

Ferrous Ferricyanide. 
Name three Ferric Salts and three Ferrous Salts. 

Ferric Salts — Ferric Hydrate, Ferric Citrate and Ferric 
Chloride. 

Ferrous Salts — Ferrous Lactate, Ferrous Sulphate and 
Saccharated Ferrous Iodide. 
When Chlorine is passed into a solution of Potassium Ferro- 
cyanide what compound results ? 
Potassium Ferricyanide. 
What official preparations of Iron are used as antidotes for Ar- 
senic ? 

Ferric Hydrate and Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia. 

159 



How are they prepared ? 

Ferric Hydrate is prepared by pouring solution of Ferric 
Sulphate into Ammonia Water, both liquids having been pre- 
viously diluted with water, and the precipitate collected. 
Which of them is to be preferred and why ? 

Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia, because it is easier to pre- 
pare, and the Magnesia is itself an antidote for Arsenic. 
What note does the U. S. P. make in regard to them P 

The materials for making them should always be kept on 
hand ready for immediate use. 
Name the three forms of Sulphate of Iron official, and state how 
they are prepared. 

Ferrous Sulphate, Dried Ferrous Sulphate and Granulated 
Ferrous Sulphate. 

Ferrous Sulphate is made by acting on clean Iron Wire with 
Diluted Sulphuric Acid, aiding the reaction with a little heat. 
Dried Ferrous Sulphate is made by taking loo gm of Fer- 
rous Sulphate, allowing the Salt to effloresce at a temperature 
of 104° F., and then heating it on a water-bath, constantly 
stirring until the product weighs from 64 to 65 gm. 

Granulated Ferrous Sulphate is made by dissolving Ferrous 
Sulphate in Distilled Water, previously heated to boiling, 
adding Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and filtering ; then evaporate 
the solution and wash the crystals with Alcohol to remove the 
Acid and uncombined Water. 
State the relative proportion of the Dried Ferrous Sulphate to 
the Ferrous Sulphate. 

Three grains of the Dried Ferrous Sulphate are equal to 
five grains of Ferrous Sulphate. 
How is Reduced Iron made? State dose and preparation into 
which it enters. 

Reduced Iron is made by passing a stream of Hydrogen 
over heated Ferric Oxhydrate. Dose, 3 to 6 grs. It enters 
into Pills of Ferrous Iodide. 
What is Quevenne's Iron ? 

Reduced Iron. 
What is Iron by Hydrogen ? 

Reduced Iron. 
Eucalyptus — (a) what part is official ? (b) botanical source, (c) 
from what part of the tree should the parts used be collected ? 
(d) natural order, (e) habitat, (f) preparation, (g) what is 
Eucalyptol ? 

(a) Leaves. 

(b) Eucalyptus globulus. 

(c) Collected from older parts of the tree. 

160 



(d) Myrtaceae. 

(e) Australia. 

(f ) Oil of Eucalyptus. 

(g) A neutral body obtained from the volatile Oil of Euca- 
lyptus globulus and some other species of Eucalyptus. 

How can the specific gravity be found of a solid soluble in 
Water ? 

Select a liquid in which it is insoluble, and find the loss of 
weight in the liquid, and proceed as follows : As the specific 
gravity of the liquid selected, is to the specific gravity of 
Water, so is the loss of weight in Water. Then apply the 
rule, divide the weight of the body by its loss of weight in 
Water. 
What elements are usually present in Organic compounds ? 

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. 
How is Bleaching Powder made, and upon what does its bleach- 
ing property depend ? 

By the action of Chlorine upon Calcium Hydrate. It de- 
pends upon the Chlorine evolved. 
What condition must be present in order to enable Chlorine to 
bleach ? 

Moisture of Water. 
What is the law of Avogadro ? 

Equal volumes of different gases, at equal temperatures and 
pressures, contain equal numbers of molecules. 
What drugs yield Hyoscyamine ? 

Hyoscyamus and Belladonna. 
What temperature constitutes '''lenis calore" ? 

Lenis calore or gentle heat is about about 90 to 100° F. 
What objection is there to the use of Tincture of Soap Bark as an 
emulsifier ? 

Because it exerts some medicinal effect which might not be 
desirable. 
Into what preparation does Potassium Chlorate enter ? 

It enters into the Troches. 
What is French rose ? 

Rosa gallica. 
How much of a 4% solution will it take to make one fluid oz. 
of a 2.5% solution ? 
Five fl. drs. 
How much Carbolic Acid would be required to make a half 
of a 10% solution ? 
22.8 grs. 
What is Calx ? 
Lime. 

161 



How is it prepared, and what is it chemically ? 

By burning white marble, oyster-shells or the purest varie- 
ties of natural Calcium Carbonate. Chemically — Calcium 
Oxide. 

Name one official drug belonging to each of the following 
famiHes : (a) Club-moss family, (b) Olive family, (c) Crowfoot 
family, (d) Rose family, (e) Pepper family, (f) Nettle family, 
(g) Poppy family, (h) Mint family. 

(a) Lycopodium. 

(b) Olive Oil. 

(c) Aconite. 

(d) Wild Cherry. 

(e) Black Pepper. 

(f) Indian Hemp. 

(g) Opium. 

(h) Peppermint. 
Chloral Hydrate — (a) how made, (b) state its solubilities, (c) 
with what substance does it liquefy when triturated ? (d) what 
are its medicinal properties ? (e) dose, (f) how can Chloral 
Hydrate be converted into Chloroform ? (g) what is the tech- 
nical difference between Chloral and Chloral Hydrate ? (h) 
how many molecules of Water of crystallization does Chloral 
Hydrate contain ? 

(a) By passing a stream of Chlorine gas in Alcohol. 

(b) Freely soluble in Water, Alcohol, Ether, Chloroform, 
Benzol, Benzin, Carbon Bisulphide, fixed and volatile oils. 

(c) Camphor, Menthol and Carbolic Acid. 

(d) Hypnotic and Sedative. 

(e) lo to 45 grs. 

(f ) By treating it with an Alkali. 

(g) True Chloral is an oily liquid, while Chloral Hydrate 
is a crystalline solid of the same composition as Chloral, plus 
one molecule of Water. 

(h) One molecule. 
What gas is evolved in preparing Lime ? 

Carbon Dioxide. 
What official Mercurial preparation is made by precipitation ? 

Ammoniated Mercury. 
Name an aqueous preparation of Asafoetida. 

Emulsion of Asafoetida. 
Name an Alcoholic preparation of Asafoetida. 

Tincture of Asafoetida. 
What is Saccharin ? 

A white amorphous or somewhat crystalline powder, with 
an odor resembling that of Oil of Bitter Almond. Sparingly 

162 



soluble in Water but soluble in Alcohol and Ether. It is 
300 times sweeter than Sugar. 
What is the source of Saccharine ? 

Toluol. 
What is Toluol ? 

A liquid smelling like Benzol and derived from Coal-tar. 
What is Blatta orientalis, and what are its medicinal uses ? 

The common Cockroach. Used in homeopathy as a 
Diuretic. 
What is Vienna Caustic ? 
Potassa with Lime. 
What is Dewees Carminative ? 

Mixture of Magnesia and Asafoetida, U. S. P., 1880. 
Phosphorus — (a) description, (b) source, (c) symbol, (d) atomic 
weight, (e) valency, (f ) what forms of Phosphorus are there, 
and how do they differ ? (g) how should Phosphorus be 
stored, and why ? (h) what preparations of Phosphorus are 
official, and state their Phosphorus strengths ? (i) what are its 
medicinal properties ? (j) dose, (k) antidote, (1) how can it be 
pulverized ? (m) show by equation how Phosphoric Acid is 
prepared from Phosphorus ? 

(a) A translucent, nearly colorless solid, of a waxy lustre, 
having, at ordinary temperatures, about the consistence of 
Beeswax. By long keeping the surface becomes red and 
occasionally black. It has a distinctive and disagreeable odor 
and taste. When exposed to the air it emits white fumes, 
which are luminous in the dark, and have an odor resembling 
that of Garlic. On long exposure to air it takes fire spon- 
taneously. 

(b) From bones. 

(c) p. 

(d) Thirty-one. 

(e) Triad and Pentad. 

(f ) White and Red Phosphorus : White Phosphorus is very 
poisonous, luminous in the dark, soluble in Carbon Disulphide 
and Chloroform. Red Phosphorus is not poisonous, not 
luminous in the dark, and is insoluble in all liquids. 

(g) Under Water, on account of its great affinity for 
Oxygen. 

(h) Oleum Phosphoratum contains \% of Phosphorus. 
Spiritus Phosphori contains 0.12% of Phosphorus, Pilulae 
Phosphori, each Pill contains y^ gr. of Phosphorus. 

(i) Tonic and Aphrodisiac. 

(j) TW to -3V gr. 

(k) Emetic; Copper Sulphate. 

163 



(1) By cutting Phosphorus into small pieces, putting it into 
a flask containing Water and heating. When the Phosphorus 
is dissolved remove the flask and shake until cold, thereby 
preventing the union of the particles. The addition of a little 
common Salt to the Water causes the Phosphorus to be more 
finely divided. 

(m) 5HNO3 plus P3 plus iHgO^jHgPO^ plus 5NO. 
In what form does Phosphorus exist in bones? 

In the form of Calcium Phosphate. 
How is Red or amorphous Phosphorus prepared ? 

By heating ordinary or White Phosphorus in an atmosphere 
of Carbon Dioxide or Hydrogen. 
Give test for Pepsin. 

One part of Pepsin should be capable of digesting not less 
than 1000 times its own weight of freshly coagulated and dis- 
integrated egg albumen. 
Give test for Saccharated Pepsin. 

One part of Saccharated Pepsin should be capable of digest- 
ing not less than 300 times its own weight of freshly coagulated 
and disintegrated albumen. 
Cantharides — (a) common name, (b) official source, (c) medicinal 
properties, (d) dose, (e) how collected, (f) active principle, (g) 
preparations. 

(a) Spanish Fly. 

(b) Cantharis vesicatoria. 

(c) Aphrodisiac, Diuretic and Vesicant. 

(d) One-half to two grs. 

(e) Persons with masked faces and gloved hands shake or 
beat the trees with poles in the morning at sunrise, when the 
beetles are torpid from cold ; then they are dipped in Diluted 
Vinegar or exposed to the vapors of Boiling Vinegar, then 
dried by the heat of the sun. 

(f) Cantharidin. 

(g) Cantharides Cerate, Cantharidal Collodion and Tincture 
of Cantharides. 

What is Litmus ? 

A blue pigment obtained from various species of Rocella 
(lichens). 
What are the two kinds of Litmus paper and how are they pre- 
pared ? 

Blue and Red. Blue Litmus paper is prepared by steeping 
unsized paper in solution of Litmus, and drying by exposure 
to air. Red Litmus is prepared by dipping Blue Litmus 
paper in solution of an Acid and drying by exposure to air. 

164 



What are the uses of Litmus ? 

For testing Acids and Alkalies ; Acids turn Blue Litmus 
Red, and Alkalies turn Red Litmus Blue. 
How is Terpin Hydrate made ? 

By acting on a mixture of Oil of Turpentine and Alcohol 
with Nitric Acid. After standing 3 or 4 days the crystals 
which form are purified by crystallization. 
What are the medicinal properties and dose of Terpin Hydrate? 

Expectorant. Dose, 2 to 10 grs. 
What is the white precipitate in a Goulard's Extract that has 
been exposed to air, and how may it be removed ? 
Lead Carbonate. By adding a little Acetic Acid. 
Name the metals of the Iron group. 

Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Magnesium Chromium and Zinc. 
What are the parts used of the following ? (a) Myristica fra- 
grans, (b) Convolvulus Scammonia, (c) Convallaria majalis, (d) 
Zea Mays, (e) Agropyrum repens, (f ) Chondodendron tomen- 
tosum. 

(a) Seed. 

(b) Resinous exudation. 

(c) Rhizome and roots. 

(d) Styles and stigmas. 

(e) Rhizome. 

(f) Root. 

Give a test for blood. 

Add a drop of the fluid to some freshly prepared Tincture 
of Guaiac in a test tube and float on the surface an Ethereal 
solution of Hydrogen Dioxide. A blue ring forms at the 
juncture of the Ethereal solution and the Guaic. 
What is the difference between the Troy and the Avoirdupois 
grain ? 

No difference. 
What product results when Oxygen and Hydrogen are ignited 
together ? 
Water. 
Why should Chlorine Water be kept in a dark, cool place ? 

Heat volatilizes the Chlorine, and light converts it into 
Hydrochloric Acid. 
How many doses of a -j-J-^ gr. are contained in a drug weighing 

Forty doses. 
What is understood by Gravimetric and Volumetric prescrip- 
tions ? What advantage has each ? 

Gravimetric prescriptions refers to prescriptions in which 
liquids are weighed. This method is used in Germany and 

165 



was adopted by the U. S. P. of 1880, and was termed " parts 
by weight." The advantage it has is the convenience for 
measuring thick or adhesive liquids. 

Volumetric prescriptions are those in which liquids are 
measured and not weighed. The advantage it affords is that 
the physician can more readily calculate the number of doses 
in a given prescription. 
Give common name of Humulus. 

Hops. 
What is its important constituent, and what other official drug 
is obtained from the same plant ? 
LupuUn. Tincture of Hops. 
At what time of year should Aspidium be collected? 

Late in the autumn. 
How can an albuminous substance be separated from some other 
compound when both are in solution ? 

By heating the solution, the heat coagulates the albumen, 
which is removed by filtration or eolation. 
How does Morphine differ in its behavior with Potassa and 
Soda from other Alkaloids ? 

It differs from them in its solubiHty in these fixed Alkalies. 
How much Morphine should there be in 500 grs. of Powd. 
Opium ? 

Not less than 6^ or more than 75 grs. 
How much Cocaine is there in a cup of Chocolate? 

The above is a catch question. Cocaine is obtained from 
the leaves of Erythroxylon Cocoa; while Chocolate is pre- 
pared from the seeds of Theobroma Cacao. 
How many grammes drug are required to make 500 cc of Fluid 
Ext. of Cinchona ? 
100 grammes. 
Give processes for making Deodorized Tincture of Opium. 

Powdered Opium and precipitated Calcium Phosphate are 
rubbed with 400 cc of Water, heated to 194° F., to a smooth 
mixture, then macerated for 12 hours; pour the mixture into a 
filter or percolator and gradually add Water until the Opium 
is exhausted ; evaporate the percolate to 100 cc, and when cool 
shake with Ether in a bottle. When the Ethereal solution 
has separated by standing, pour off and evaporate the remain- 
ing liquid until all traces of Ether have disappeared. Mix 
the residue with 500 cc of Water and filter ; then add enough 
Water to make the filtrate measure 800 cc, and mix with 
200 cc of Alcohol. 
What object does the Ether serve in the foregoing process ? 
To remove the Narcotine and the odorous principle. 

166 



What is the difference between a Vermicide and a Vermifuge ? 
A Vermicide kills intestinal worms, while a Vermifuge 
expels them. 
What are Love Apples ? 

Tomatoes. 
To what is the flavor and pungency of Ginger due ? 

The flavor is due to the Volatile Oil, and the pungency is 
due to the Resin. 
What is the reaction of Liquor Ammonii Acetatis ? 

Acid. 
What form of Sugar is sometimes found in urine ? 

Grape Sugar. 
What official drug bears some resemblance to Lupulin ? 

Kamala. 
What are the chief constituents of crude Carbolic Acid ? 

Cresol and Phenol. 
Having a 4-oz. solution containing 4 grs. of Morphine, what 
quantity of Morphine would be contained in a teaspoonful? 
One-eighth grain. 
In a dessertspoonful? 

One-quarter grain. 
In a tablespoonful ? 
One-half grain. 
Give test to determine the absence or presence of Phosphorus 
Acid in Phosphoric Acid ? 

By diluting i cc. of Phosphoric Acid with 5 cc. of Water, 
and gently warming the liquid ; and it should not be black- 
ened upon the addition of a small amount of Silver Nitrate 
T. S., or rendered torpid by Mercuric Chloride T. S. (absence 
of Phosphorus Acid). 
Give test for distinguishing White Wax from Spermaceti. 

White Wax melts at a higher temperature than Spermaceti. 
State Young's rule for determining the dose of medicines for 
children. 

Add 12 to the age of the child in years, and divide the age 
by the amount thus obtained. The answer gives a fraction, 
which is the required amount of the full adult dose. Thus, 
if the adult dose is 10 grs., what will be the dose for a child 
three years of age ? 

12 plus 3 = 15. 3 divided by 15^^ or -J^ of 10 grs. or 2 grs. 
What are the botanical names of American and Spanish Saffron, 
American Valerian, English Valerian, German Chamomile, 
English Chamomile, Indian Hemp and Canadian Hemp? 
American Saffron — Carthamus Tinctorius. 
Spanish Saffron — Crocus sativas. 

167 



American Valerian — Cypripedium pubescens and C. par- 
viflorum. 

English Valerian — Valeriana officinalis. 
German Chamomile — Matircaria Chamomilla. 
English Chamomile — Anthemis nobilis. 
Indian Hemp — Cannabis sativa. 
Canadian Hemp — Apocynum Cannabinum. 
In making Oleum Phosphoratum, why does the U. S. P. direct 
that the Expressed Oil of Almond should first be heated to 
250 C. before adding the Phosphorus? 

To drive off air and moisture and certain organic matters. 
What is the official Latin name of Phenylacetamide ? 

Acetanilidum. 
What impurity does Reduced Iron usually contain ? 

Sulphide of Iron. 
Name the non-metals. 

Boron, Bromine, Carbon, Chlorine, Fluorine, Hydrogen, 
Iodine, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Selenium, Silicon, 
Sulphur and Tellurium. 
What gas is given off when Chlorates and Hydrochlorites are 
decomposed by strong Acids? 
Chlorine. 
What reaction has Alum on Litmus Paper ? 

Acid. 
What is the botanical name of the Beech ? 

Fagus Sylvatica. 
What is the natural history name for the animal from which 
musk is obtained ? 

Moschas Moschiferos. 
Describe Reduced Iron. 

Reduced Iron is a very fine, grayish-black, lustreless powder, 
without odor or taste, permanent in dry air, insoluble in Water 
or Alcohol. 
How should Santonin be stored ? 

In dark amber-colored vials, and should not be exposed to 
light. 
How is Tar extracted ? 

The wood of Pinus palustris and of other species of Pinus 
is cut into billets of convenient size and placed on a mound 
so as to form a large stack or pile, then covered with earth. 
Fire is applied through an opening in the top of the pile and 
a slow combustion is maintained. The Tar melts and runs 
into the cavity made in the centre of the mound, and is collected. 
What is the difference between Benzin and Naphtha ? 
No difference. 

168 



What precautions are necessary in storing Spirit of Nitrous Ether? 
It should be stored in small, dark, amber-colored, well- 
stoppered vials, kept in a cool place, remote from light or fire. 
What are the reactions of Sweet Spirit of Nitre when first made 
and when it has become exposed ? 

It is neutral when first made, and becomes acid on exposure. 
How is Camphor pulverized? 

By rubbing it up with a little Alcohol. 
What is the difference between Oil of Camphor and Camphorated 
Oil ? 

Oil of Camphor is a Volatile Oil distilled from Camphor, 
while Camphorated Oil is a popular name for Liniment of 
Camphor. 
What is Plasma ? 

Glycerite of Starch. 
What is the specific gravity of Oxygen ? 

Eight. 
How is the specific gravity of a gas obtained ? 

The specific gravity of a gas is half its atomic weight. 
What are the preparations of Ipecac ? 

Fluid Extract of Ipecac, Powder of Ipecac and Opium, 
Troches of Ipecac and Troches of Morphine and Ipecac. 
Describe Potassium Ferrocyanide. 

It occurs in large, soft, transparent, yellow, four-sided, 
monoclinic tables, odorless, and having a mild, saline taste. 
Slightly efflorescent on exposure to dry air. Soluble in 4 
parts of Water, but insoluble in Alcohol. 
Upon what does the laxative property of Fig depend ? 

Upon the Sugar (49%) and the mechanical action of the 
seeds. 
Name several substances with which Sodium Salicylate is incom- 
patible. 

Lead Acetate, Silver Nitrate, Lime Water, Potassium 
Iodide, Quinine Sulphate, Sulphuric Acid and Spirit of 
Nitrous Ether. 
What quantity of a Solution of Atropine Sulphate, containing 
I gr. to the fluidrachm, should be used in making 12 ozs. of 
a mixture, each teaspoonful to contain -^ gr ? 
I J^ fluidrachms. 
Upon what does the irritating property of Poison Ivy depend ? 

Toxicodendric Acid. 
What gas may be prepared by the union of Hydrogen with 
Nitrogen ? 
Ammonia. 

169 



What are Adjuvants ? 

Medicines that intensify or further the action of other 
medicines. 
What are proximate principles ? 

Organic Carbon compounds that make up the larger pro- 
portion of an animal or plant. They are the first or proxi- 
mate substances that are obtained when an organic body is 
split up into its component parts by solvents or other agents. 
What is Squaw Root? 

Caulophyllum. 
Which is more soluble, Potassium or Ammonium Alum ? 

Ammonium Alum. 
Into what preparation does Strychnine enter? 

Into Iron and Strychnine Citrate, Syrup of the Phosphates 
of Iron, Quinine and Strychnine. 
Name a few test solutions of the U. S. P. 

Ammonium Chloride test solution. Barium Chloride test 
solution. Ferrous Sulphate test solution and Silver Nitrate 
test solution. 
What system of weight is official ? 

The Metric or Decimal system. 
What is the starting point of the Metric system ? 

The Metre, which is the ten-millionth part of the quadrant 
of the earth's circumference, and is equal to 39.37 in. 
What is the origin of the gramme ? 

It is the unit of weight ? It is the weight of that quantity 
of Distilled Water at its greatest density, 39.2 F., that will 
fill the cube of yj-^ part of a metre, and is equal to 15.432 
grains. 
What is the Litre ? 

The unit of measure of capacity. It is the cube of ^^ part 
of a metre, and is equal to 33.8 L. U. S. fluid ounces or 2. 11 
wine pints. 
What system of measurement is called the French system ? 

The Metric system. 
Describe Bromoform. State uses and dose. 

Bromoform is a colorless liquid of an agreeable taste and 
odor. It is used for whooping cough. Dose, i to 2 mins. 
What is Dermatol ? 

Dermatol or Suggallate of Bismuth is a heavy pale yellow, 
odorless powder, and is used as a substitute for Iodoform. 
It is sometimes given internally in Gastric Ulcer and Cancer. 
Dose, 10 to 30 grains. 

170 



If 500 gm. of an article cost J 1.755 what will i avoir, oz. cost. 

9.9 cents. 
Give test for Cotton Seed Oil in Lard. 

Take 5 cc. of melted and filtered Lard and while yet warm, 
mix it with 5 cc. of an Alcoholic solution of AgNOg (made 
by dissolving o.i gm. of AgNOg in 10 cc. of Deodorized 
Alcohol, and adding 2 drops of Nitric Acid) and heat the 
mixture for 5 minutes on a water-bath, the liquid fat should 
not acquire a reddish or brown color, nor should any dark 
color be produced at the line of contact of the two liquids, ab- 
sence of Cotton Seed Fats. 
Give tests for Ammonium Salts. 

If a solution of an Ammonium Salt be heated with Caustic 
Potash or Caustic Soda, Ammonia Gas will be evolved, which 
can be recognized by its odor, and by producing white fumes 
when a glass rod moistened with strong Hydrochloric Acid is 
brought in contact with it. 
What official drug is prepared artificially from Totuol ? 

Benzoic Acid. 
Which is official. Arsenic or Arsenous Oxide ? 

Arsenous Oxide. 
What odor is given off when Arsenous Acid is thrown upon 
ignited Charcoal? 

An alliaceous or garlic-like odor. 
Give three names for Arsenous Acid. 

White Arsenic, Arsenic Trioxide and Arsenous Anhydride. 
Describe Marsh's test for Arsenic. 

Hydrogen gas is generated by the action of Sulphuric Acid 
on Zinc. The gas is dried by passing it through a Calcium 
Chloride tube ; a solution of Arsenic is now poured into the 
flask containing the Hydrogen, and heat applied. A mirror 
of metallic Arsenic will deposit on the cooler portion of the 
flask. This test depends upon the conversion of the Arsenic 
into Arsenuretted Hydrogen, and obtaining from the latter a 
deposit of metallic Arsenicum. 
What two Alkaloids produce a red color with Nitric Acid ? 

Morphine and Brucine. 
How is Sugar of Milk prepared ? 

By evaporating and purifying recrystallization of the Whey 
of Cow's Milk. 
What per cent of Alkaloid is in Cocaine Hydrochlorate gr. 5 in 
Water 3ij ? 

4-3%- 
Chloroform — (a) how made, (b) how purified, (c) what amount 
of Alcohol does it contain, and what is the object of the Alcohol ? 

171 



(d) is Chloroform inflammable? (e) medicinal properties, (f) 
dose, (g) into what does it decompose when exposed to air 
and light? (h) what is Chloroform Venale; is it official in the 
U. S. P. of 1 890 ? (i) what are the preparations of Chloroform ? 

(a) Chloroform is principally made from Acetone by distil- 
lation with Chlorinated Lime. It was formerly made by dis- 
tillation of Alcohol with a mixture of Chlorinated Lime and 
Water. 

(b) By treating it with Sulphuric Acid, which blackens or 
chars the organic impurities and the mixture separates into 
layers. The Chloroform layer is removed and treated with 
Dried Sodium Carbonate to remove the Acid and Water 
mechanically carried over. 

(c) I to 0.6% of Alcohol, to preserve it. 

(d) No. 

(e) Sedative, Anaesthetic and Anodyne. 

(f ) 2 to 5 mins. 

(g) Chlorine, Hydrochloric Acid and Carbonyl Chloride. 
(h) Commercial Chloroform. No. 

(i) Chloroform Water, Emulsion of Chloroform, Liniment 
of Chloroform and Spirit of Chloroform. 
What are the medicinal properties and dose of Chloralamide ? 

Hypnotic. Dose, 15 to 40 grs. 
For what complaints is Piperazine used, and what is its dose? 

Rheumatism and Gout. Dose, 5 to 10 grs. 
What is Formalin ? 

Formalin is a 40% solution of Formaldehyde and is used 
as an Antiseptic. 
How much Quinine in one ounce of Cinchona? 

Twelve grains. 
What is Acacia chemically ? 
Gummate of Calcium. 
What per cent of Iodine does Iodoform contain ? 

96.6%. 
How much Alcohol of 60% strength could be made from 8 lbs. 
of a 90% Alcohol ? 
Twelve lbs. 
Could the following be dispensed as written ? 

Bismuthi Subnitratis gr. xxxij. 
Dispense in four 5 gr. capsules. 
Bismuth Subnitrate, being a heavy powder, can be dispensed 
in the size capsule ordered. 
Name two Alkaloids from Henbane. 
Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine. 

172 



What is Hydroxide ? 

An Hydroxide or Hydrate is a compound of a metal or 
radical with Hydroxyl. 
What is an Hydroxyl ? 

A univalent radical, OH being Water deprived of one atom 
of Hydrogen. 
Name some Hydrates or Hydroxides. 

Potassium Hydrate, Sodium Hydrate, Calcium Hydrate, 
Ferric Hydrate, Aluminum Hydrate and Terpin Hydrate. 
What is Hygrine ? 

A liquid Alkaloid found with Cocaine in Coca. 
What is Mucilage ? 

Mucilage is a solution of a gum in Water ? 
How many are official ? 

Four. 
By what processes are they made ? 
By the hot and cold process. 
Which are made by heat and which by cold ? 

Heat — Mucilage of Tragacanth and Mucilage of Elm. 
Cold — Mucilage of Acacia and Mucilage of Sassafras Pith. 
What Mucilages are directed to be freshly made when wanted? 

Mucilage of Elm and Mucilage of Sassafras Pith. 
What is the object of Glycerin in Mucilage of Tragacanth ? 

It prevents decomposition. 
How is Honey clarified ? 

By mixing it with 2% of its weight of paper-pulp and heat- 
ing it on a water-bath as long as any scum rises to the surface, 
and which is carefully removed and 5% of Glycerin added. 
What is the object of adding the Glycerin ? 

To preserve it. 
Lithium — (a) symbol, (b) atomic weight, (c) valency, (d) what 
U. S. P. compounds of Lithium are there, and how made ? (e) 
what is the medicinal property of the Salts of Lithium ? 
(a) Li. 

{b)7. 

(c) Monad. 

(d) Lithium Benzoate, made by decomposing Lithium Car- 
bonate with Benzoic Acid. 

Lithium Bromide, made by decomposing Ferrous Bromide 
with Lithium Carbonate. 

Lithium Carbonate, made by precipitating Lithium Sulphate 
with Ammonium Carbonate. 

Lithium Citrate, made by the action of Citric Acid on 
Lithium Carbonate. 

173 



Lithium Salicylate, made by the action of Salicylic Acid on 
Lithium Carbonate. 

(e) Antilithics. 
From which of the Salts may the rest of the Lithium Salts be 
made? 

Lithium Carbonate. 

Theoretically, how many grammes of Sulphur, Oxygen and Hy- 
drogen can be prepared from lOO grammes of Sulphuric Acid? 
32.6 grammes of Sulphur, 6^.^ grammes of Oxygen and 
2.04 grammes of Hydrogen. 
What is the chemical title for Caustic Potash ? 

Potassium Hydrate. 
What is Squirting Cucumber ? 

The fruit of Ecballium Elaterium. 
State source, medicinal properties and dose of Elaterin. 

Elaterin is a neutral principle obtained from Elaterium, a 
substance deposited by the juice of the fruit of Ecballium 
Elaterium. 

Medicinal properties, Hydragogue and Cathartic. Dose, 

A to tV g^' 
Bismuth — (a) description, (b) symbol, (c) atomic weight, (d) va- 
lency, (e) occurrence in nature, (t), name the official compounds 
and state how they are made, (g) what are their medicinal 
properties, (h) doses, (i) what impurity is found in Bismuth 
and how is it removed ? 

(a) Bismuth is a crystalline, brittle, pulverizable, brilliant 
metal having a Silver color with a reddish tint, closely re- 
sembling Antimony. Specific gravity, 1.8. 

(b) Bi. 

(c) 208.8. 

(d) Triad. 

(e) It occurs in the metallic state and as a Sulphide. 

(f) Bismuthi Citras, made by boiling Bismuth Subnitrate 
with Citric Acid and Water, and adding Distilled Water to 
the clear solution, allowing suspended matter to deposit. Wash 
the precipitate and dry by gentle heat. 

Bismuth et Ammonii Citras, made by dissolving Bismuth 
Citrate in Ammonia Water, evaporating the solution and 
scalding. 

Bismuth Subcarbonas, made by dissolving Bismuth in 
Nitric Acid, purifying and precipitating by adding solution 
of Sodium Carbonate. 

Bismuthi Subnitras, made by dissolving Bismuth in Nitric 

174 



Acid, purifying and adding the solution in Nitric Acid to 
Water. 

(g) Antacid and Gastric Sedative. 

(h) Bismuthi Subcarbonas and Bismuthi Subnitras, each lo 
to ^o grains. 

Bismuthi Citras and Bismuthi et Ammonii Citras, each i to 
5 grains. 

(i) Arsenic. Bismuth is dissolved in Nitric Acid and 
added to a solution of Sodium Carbonate in excess, insoluble 
Bismuth Carbonate is precipitated, leaving Sodium Arsenate 
in solution. The Carbonate is then dissolved in Nitric Acid 
by the aid of heat so as to make a very concentrated solution 
of the Nitrate; then just enough Water is added as to begin 
to produce a permanent turpidity ; this is to cause any Arsenic 
■ that might be present to deposit, and the Nitrate which is in 
solution is converted into the Subnitrate by Water or Am- 
monia Water. 
What is generally attributed as the cause of the garlicky odor 
of the breath of patients who are taking Bismuth Sub- 
nitrate ? 

It is supposed to be due to traces of Arsenic or Tellurium 
in the Bismuth Subnitrate. 
What change takes place when Antipyrin is dissolved in Sweet 
Spirit of Nitre ? To what is this change due and how might 
it be prevented ? 

The mixture assumes an emerald-green color, owing to the 
formation of Isonitrosep Antipyrin ; the presence of free 
Nitrous Acid in the Spirit produces this reaction. This 
change can be prevented by neutralizing the Spirit with a little 
Sodium Carbonate. 
What elementary body has been discovered within a few years 
and which resembles Nitrogen in its properties ? 

Argon. 
What is the atomic weight of Argon ? 

39.6. 
What is the Latin official name of Isinglass and from what is it 
obtained ? 

Ichthyocolla. From Acipenser Huso. 
What points should be noted or what care should be exercised 
in the selection of the following ? Ergot, Myrrh, Copaiba, 
Lard, Hops, Cardamon, Guaiac, Rhubarb, Nutgall, Senna and 
Ipecac. 

Ergot, that breaks with a sharp snap, is almost entirely de- 
void of a pinkish tinge upon the fracture, is hard and brittle 

175 



between the teeth and is comparatively odorless and tasteless 
should be rejected. Ergot should not be kept longer than 
one year. 

Myrrh should not be bought in powder form, but in pieces, 
and when of good quality is reddish-yellow or reddish-brown. 
Dark-colored pieces, the Alcohol solution of which is not 
rendered purple by Nitric Acid, and pieces of Myrrh which 
dissolve completely, as well as those that merely swell in 
Water should be rejected. 

Copaiba, when heated, should not evolve the odor of Tur- 
pentine. When the volatile oil has been completely driven 
off by heating in a flat-bottomed capsule, the reaction, when 
cold, would be amorphous, transparent and friable ; thus prov- 
ing the absence of fixed oils. 

Lard should not be rancid. It should be free from Salt, 
Water, Starch and other impurities ; and when melted should 
be perfectly clear and not separate an aqueous layer. 

Hops. The color of the scales should be greenish, free 
from reddish or brownish spots and the odor should be 
aromatic. 

Cardamon. The variety known in commerce as "shorts'* 
is the kind preferred. 

Guaiac. Recent pieces should be selected, which are usually 
reddish-brown internally. 

Rhubarb that is very porous or has a prominent mucilagin- 
ous taste, or is of a dark brown color internally. 

Nutgall that is light, spongy and whitish colored should be 
rejected. 

Senna should be free from stalks, discolored leaves and 
from Argol leaves. 

Ipecac must be free from cloudiness and must be sound. 
That with a thick bark and thin woody portion is to be pre- 
ferred. 
What are the sources of the two varieties of Charcoal ? 

Animal Charcoal is prepared from bone. Vegetable Char- 
coal is prepared from soft wood, very finely powdered. 
How do the two kinds of Charcoal differ chemically ? 

Animal Charcoal contains Calcium Phosphate ; Vegetable 
Charcoal does not. 
What is the principal use of Animal Charcoal. 

As a decolorizing agent. 
How could Magnesium Sulphate, Zinc Sulphate and Oxahc 
Acid be distinguished from each other? 

Magnesium Sulphate has a cooling, saline and bitter taste, 

176 



Zinc Sulphate has an astringent, metallic taste and Oxalic Acid 

has a sour taste. 
What are Oleosacchara? 

Oleosacchara or Oil-sugars are unofficial preparations made 

by triturating two drops of a Volatile Oil with one drachm of 

powdered Cane-sugar. They are principally prescribed for 

children and are to be made when wanted. 
The specific gravity of the unmedicated Wines should not exceed 

what limit ? 

I.OIO. 

How are Lead Acetate, Lead Carbonate, Lead Iodide and Lead 
Oxide made ? 

Lead Acetate, by treating Lead Oxide with Acetic Acid, 
evaporating and crystallizing. 

Lead Carbonate, by acting on metallic Lead with fumes of 
Acetic Acid and decaying matter. 

Lead Iodide, by double decomposition between Lead Nitrate 
and Potassium Iodide. 

Lead Oxide, by roasting Lead Ore in reverberatory furnaces. 
Give tests for distinguishing Creosote from Carbolic Acid. 

Carbolic Acid coagulates Albumen and Collodion ; Creosote 
does not. Creosote, when cooled to a certain degree, becomes 
gelatinous, but does not solidify ; Carbolic Acid solidifies. 
What drugs should be collected from plants of the second year's 
growth? 

Digitalis and Hyoscyamus. 
Croton Oil — (a) Latin name, (b) use, (c) dose, (d) antidote. 

(a) Oleum Tiglii. 

(b) Drastic Purgative. 

(c) i^ to 2 mins. 

(d) Demulcent drinks and Opium. 

What is the reaction of Morphine on Litmus Paper? 

Alkaline. 
Classify the following : Tragacanth, Kino, Myrrh, Catechu, 
Acacia, Tolu, Turpentine and Gamboge. 

Tragacanth — Gum. 

Kino — Inspissated Juice. 

Myrrh — Gum Resin. 

Catechu — Extract. 

Acacia — Gum. 

Tolu — Balsam. 

Turpentine — Oleoresin. 

Gamboge — Gum Resin. 
What precaution must be taken in keeping Calomel, and why ? 

Calomel must be kept in dark, amber-colored bottles. 

177 



When exposed to light it gradually undergoes decomposition 
and assumes a grayish color ; Mercuric Chloride being formed 
with the elimination of Mercury. 

What violent poison is sometimes found associated with Calomel? 
Corrosive Sublimate. 

What official Acid is obtained by process of reduction ? 

Sulphurous Acid. 
Of what class of medicines is it unsafe to give children in full 
doses ? 

Narcotics. 
Give a characteristic chemical test for Strychnine. 

If a minute quality of Strychnine be dissolved in about 
^ cc. of concentrated Sulphuric Acid on a white porcelain 
surface, and a small crystal of Potassium Dichromate slowly 
drawn across the liquid with a glass rod, there will be pro- 
duced at first, momentarily, a blue color, which quickly 
changes to purplish-blue, then gradually to violet, purplish- 
red and cherry red and finally to an orange or yellow. 
What quantity of Extract of Nux Vomica assaying 12% of total 
Alkaloids must be employed in making 500 cc. of official 
Tincture of Nux Vomica ^ 
12.5 grs. 
What is the common name for Phenic Acid? 

Carbolic Acid. 
What compound is formed when nascent Hydrogen is brought 
in contact with a Salt of Arsenic ? 
Arsenuretted Hydrogen. 
How can the presence of Glycerin be detected in Lactic Acid? 
If a small portion of the Acid be heated with an excess of 
Zinc Carbonate and the mixture dried at 212° F., and then 
extracted with absolute Alcohol, upon evaporation of the 
absolute Alcohol, a sweet residue will remain. 
What is the botanical name of May Apple? 

Podophyllum peltatum. 
What is Oil of Smoke? 

Creosote. 
What change was made in the nomenclature of the official name 
of Oil of Smoke ? 

The present official Latin name is Creosotum ; formerly it 
was Creasotum. 
How much Acetic Acid is in 240 grammes of the Diluted Acid? 

Forty grammes. 
How many Alkaloids of Cinchona have been discovered? 
Twenty. 

178 



Name the four most important. 

Quinine, Quinidine, Cinchonine and Cinchonidine. 
What is Gunjah ? 

Cannabis Indica. 
What is the object of the Hydrochloric Acid in the formula of 
Resin of Podophyllum ? 

To facilitate the separation of the resinous matter. 
What name is sometimes given to Resin of Podophyllum ? 

Podophyllin. 

How many grammes will looo cc. of Distilled Water weigh? 

One thousand grammes. 
A vessel that holds one lb. of Hydrogen, will hold how much 
Oxygen, Nitrogen and Chlorine ? 

It will hold 1 6 lbs. of Oxygen, 14 lbs. of Nitrogen and 
2^,^ lbs. of Chlorine. 
What is Diastase ? 

Diastase is a nitrogenous vegetable ferment that is either 
contained or developed in the fermentation of grain and which 
acts on Starch, converting it into Glucose or Grape-Sugar. 
Name two official scale Salts of Iron which contain an Alkaloid, 
and state per cent present in each. 

Iron and Quinine Citrate contains 12% of Quinine. 
Iron and Strychnine Citrate contains 1% of Strychnine. 
Name two drugs of the natural order Eupherbiaceae. 

Cascarilla and Croton Oil. 
How could you tell Benzoic Acid from the natural source, from 
Benzoic Acid from the artificial source ? 

The Acid sublimed from Benzoin in the natural source has 
a lower melting point and a greater solubility in Water than 
Benzoic Acid prepared from its artificial source, Totuol. 
Why is Reduced Iron employed besides the Iron Wire in making 
the official Saccharated Ferrous Iodide ? 
To prevent or retard decomposition. 
Which of the following have specific gravities higher than that 
of Water? Water, Alcohol, Hydrochloric Acid, Glycerin, 
Simple Syrup, Ether, Benzin, Chloroform, Castor Oil, Oil of 
Wintergreen and Oil of Lemon. 

Hydrochloric Acid, Glycerin, Simple Syrup, Chloroform, 
and Oil of Wintergreen have specific gravities higher than 
that of Water. 
How many grains in one commercial ounce bottle of Quinine? 

437-5 grains. 
What is Saccharum Saturni ? 
Lead Acetate. 

1,79 



Name five drugs that should be kept in a cool place. 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, Nitrohydrochloric Acid, Stronger 
Ammonia Water, Lard and Ether. 
Name five drugs that are liable to be attacked by insects, and 
state how to avoid the pests. 

Ergot, Ginger, Rhubarb, Liquorice and Cantharides. They 
should be kept in well-closed vessels and a few drops of 
Chloroform dropped upon them from time to time. 
Name two official double Salts. 

Aluminum and Potassium Sulphate and Antimony and 
Potassium Tartrate. 
What is the poisonous ingredient of Paris Green ? 

Arsenic. 
Name three official Oxyacids. 

Nitric, Sulphuric and Phosphoric Acids. 
Name three official Hydracids. 

Hydrochloric, Hydrocyanic and Hydrobromic Acids. 
When Lead Oxide is boiled with a solution of Lead Acetate 
what new compound is formed ? 
Lead Subacetate. 
Give test for Chloral Alcoholate in Chloral Hydrate. 

If I gm. of Chloral be dissolved in 2 cc. of Warm Water, 
mixed with Potassium Hydrate T. S., in slight excess and 
filtered, and a portion of the clear filtrate treated with Iodine 
T. S. until it is yellowish, no yellow crystalline precipitate 
(Iodoform) should appear within half an hour, proving ab- 
sence of Chloral Alcoholate. 
Which of the following drugs and chemicals are, on account of 
appearances, liable to be mistaken for each other ? 

Kino, Calomel, Potassium Bromide, Calumba, Epsom 
Salt, Bismuth Subnitrate, Zinc Sulphate, Bryonia, Senna, 
Uva Ursi, Morphine Sulphate, Buchu, Quinine Sulphate, 
Phenol, Potassium Iodide, Catechu and Creosote. 
Kino with Catechu. 
Calomel with Bismuth Subnitrate. 
Potassium Bromide with Potassium Iodide. 
Calumba with Bryonia. 
Epsom Salt with Zinc Sulphate. 
Phenol with Creosote. 
Morphine Sulphate with Quinine Sulphate. 
Senna, Buchu and Uva Ursi with each other. 
What chemical, when added to Liq. Calcis, gives Lotio Hydrar- 
gyri Fiava ? 

Corrosive Sublimate. 

180 



What is Glycerin chemically ? 

An Alcohol. 
Name the different Hypophosphites used in making Syrup of 
the Hypophosphites. 

Calcium Hypophosphite, Potassium Hypophosphite and 
Sodium Hypophosphite. 
How many cubic inches in a United States Wine gallon ? 

231 cubic inches. 
How are Almonds blanched? 

By soaking them in Water and pinching off the skins. 
How is Resorcin prepared ? 

On a large scale it is prepared by heating Benzol with 
fuming Sulphuric Acid which is converted into Benzene 
Metadisulphonic Acid. This Acid is neutralized with Milk 
of Lime, decomposed with Sodium Carbonate, and the solution 
of Sodium Benzene Metadisulphonate thus obtained evapor- 
ated to dryness ; the residue, fused for several hours with 
Sodium Hydrate, yields Sodium Resorcin and Sodium Sul- 
phite. Then the mass is boiled to expel the Sulphurous 
Acid, the tar-like residue extracted with Ether, impure 
Resorcin is obtained, which is purified by sublimation and 
recrystallization from Water. 

On a small scale Resorcin is prepared by fusing Ammoniac, 
Asafoetida, or Guaiac with Potassa. 
State solubility, medicinal property and dose of Resorcin. 

Soluble in 0.6 parts of Water and in 0.5 parts of Alcohol. 

Antiseptic, dose, 3 to 10 grs. 

Copaiba — (a) what is it? (b) botanical source, (c) habitat, (d) 

what per cent of Oil does it contain ? (e) from what country is 

the best variety obtained, (t) medicinal properties (g) give dose. 

(a) Oleoresin. 

(b) Copaiba Langsdorffii and of other species of Copaiba. 

(c) South America. 

(d) About 80%. 

(e) Para, Brazil. 

(t) Stimulant and Diuretic. 

(g) y^ to I dr. 
What is No. 8 Acetic Acid ? 

A commercial variety of Acetic Acid 6% weaker than the 
official Acetic Acid. It is called No. 8 because it was used in 
the proportion of 8 to i in making the Dilute Acid. 
What is Phenazone ? 

Antipyrin. 
What change takes place in Chloral Hydrate when exposed to air ? 

It volatilizes. 

181 



Name preparations into which Tartar Emetic enters and the per 
cent in each of them. 

Compound Syrup of Squill contains 0.2% of Tartar Emetic. 
Wine of Antimony contains 0.4% of Tartar Emetic. 
Is Sponge of vegetable or mineral origin? 

It is the skeleton of an animal. 
What is the object of the Potassium Hypophosphite in the 
formula of Syrup of Hydriodic Acid ? 

To prevent decomposition and decoloration which would 
be due to the separation of a small amount of Iodine. 
What class of official preparations represent the active principle 
of a drug, volume for weight ? 
Fluid Extracts. 
When Magnesium Carbonate is heated, what gas is given off? 

Carbon Dioxide. 
What compound is left behind and what is the process called ? 

Magnesium Oxide. The process is called Calcination. 
How is Rock Candy made? 

Concentrated Syrup is gently heated and Alcohol added to 
the liquid when it begins to cool. 
Give test to detect presence of Grape Sugar in Urine. 

Add a Httle Potassa to the Urine to render it Alkaline and 
filter. To the filtered Urine add Fehling's solution and 
slowly heat the mixture to boiling. If Grape Sugar be pres- 
ent a yellowish-red or red precipitate of Cuprous Oxide forms. 
Give test to detect presence of Albumen in Urine. 

Add a few drops of Acetic Acid to the Urine and heat to 
about 70° C, and Albumen will coagulate and render the 
Urine torpid or cloudy. 
How many drops in 10 minims of Laudanum? 

About 21 drops. 
What change takes place when a Solution of Hartshorn is 
added to a Solution of Morphine Sulphate ? 
The Alkaloid, Morphine, is precipitated. 
What special care should be taken in keeping Saccharated Ferrous 
Iodide ? 

It must be kept in a cool and dark place. 
What per cent of Extract of Liquorice should be soluble in 
Water ? 

Not less than 60%. 
Into what preparation does Storax enter ? 

Compound Tincture of Benzoin. 
What drug is defined as the inspissated juice of Pterocarpus 
Marsupium ? 
Kino. 

182 



What care must be taken in making Oleate of Mercury ? 

The temperature used in its manufacture must not exceed 
104° F., or decomposition will take place. 
What change takes place in Oleate of Mercury when exposed ? 

Metallic Mercury is deposited. 
In preparing Diluted Sulphuric Acid what should be the order 
of mixing and why ? 

The Acid is added to the Distilled Water to lessen the 
amount of heat evolved. 
The Creosote obtained from what tree is preferred ? 

The Beech. 
To what does Ipecac owe its Emetic property ? 

Emetine. 
Name four mineral astringents each having a different base. 

Zinc Sulphate, Copper Sulphate, Lead Acetate and Sodium 
Borate. 
What common article contains free Phosphorus ? 

Matches. 
Name five Alkaloids whose Salts are official ? 

Quinine, Strychnine, Morphine, Atropine and Cocaine. 
What quantity of a 20% solution should be used in making 200 
grammes of a 4% solution ^ 
Forty grammes. 
What difference in behavior is noted in the case of Tincture of 
Iodine, and Lugol's Solution upon the addition of Water to 
each of them respectively ? 

On adding Water to Tincture of Iodine, Iodine is precipi- 
tated, but no Iodine is thrown down on adding Water to 
Lugol's Solution. 
What is the dose of Guaiacal Carbonate ? 

Five to sixty grs. 
What is the precipitate and what is held in solution when Solution 
of White Vitriol and Solution of Saccharum Saturni are mixed ^ 
Lead Sulphate is the precipitate and Zinc Acetate is in 
solution. 
What is the dose of Aconitina ? 

irpy ^^ Tuir g^- 
What is the dose of Phenocoll Hydrochloride? 

One to ten grs. 
What is Indian Tobacco? 

Lobelia. 
How is Amyl Nitrate made? 

By the action of Nitric Acid upon Amylic Alcohol. 
What is the dose of Amyl Nitrate ? 

Two to four mins. 

183 



What is the difference between Zootic Acid and Azotic Acid ? 
Zootic Acid is Hydrocyanic Acid and Azotic Acid is Nitric 
Acid. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Suppositories of 
Glycerin. 

Glycerin, Sodium Carbonate and Stearic Acid. 
Dissolve the Sodium Carbonate in the Glycerin in a capsule 
on a water-bath ; then add the Stearic Acid and heat carefully 
until this is dissolved and the escape of Carbonic Acid gas 
has ceased, then pour the melted mass into suitable moulds. 
Remove the Suppositories when they are cold and wrap each 
in tin-foil. 
What should be done with an Opium having a higher strength 
(percentage) than that of the U. S. P. ? 

Reduce it with an Opium of a weaker per cent. 
What is Cydonium, and what are its uses ^ 

Quince Seed. It is used as an Emollient for the hands, 
generally as a soothing application in the form of the Mucilage. 
It was official in the U. S. P. of 1880. 
What is Os Sepiae ^ 

Cuttle-fish bone. 
What is German Benzoic Acid ? 

Benzoic Acid prepared from the Urine of Horses and Cattle. 

Into what preparations do the following enter? (a) Fluid Extract 

of Mezereum, (b) Storax, (c) Sodium Nitrite, (d) Oleoresin of 

Capsicum, (e) Oleoresin of Cubeb (f) Iron and Ammonium 

Citrate. 

(a) Lin. Sinapis Comp. 

(b) Tr. Benzoin Comp. 

(c) Spt. i^theris Nitrosi. 

(d) Empl. Capsici, 

(e) Troch. Cubebae. 

(f) Vinum Ferri Citratis, Ferri et Strychninas Citras. 
What official substances are tested gasometrically by the volume 

of Nitrogen Dioxide evolved ^ 

Amyl Nitrate, Sodium Nitrite and Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 
Why is it that Jalap, though worm-eaten, its medicinal proper- 
ties are not impaired ? 

The worms eat the Starch and leave the Resin, upon which 
its medicinal properties depend. 
What is the common name for the Oil of Monarda punctata? 

Oil of Horsemint. 
State solubilities of Iodine, Corrosive Sublimate and Codeine, 
in Water and in Alcohol. 

Iodine in 5000 parts of Water, and in 10 parts of Alcohol. 

184 



Corrosive Sublimate in i6 parts of Water, and in 3 parts of 
Alcohol. 

Codeine in 80 parts of Water, and in 3 parts of Alcohol. 
What form of Orange is used in making Syrup of Orange ? 

Sweet Orange Peel. 
What is Calamine ? 

Impure Zinc Carbonate. 
What is Papin ? State use and dose. 

Papin or Papoid is the inspissated juice of the unripe fruit 
of Carica Papaya. Used as a digestant, dose, i to 8 grs. 
Rochelle Salt — (a) Latin official name, (b) how made, (c) solubility 
in Water, (d) medicinal properties, (e) dose, (f ) preparations. 

(a) Potassii et Sodii Tartras. 

(b) By adding Acid Potassium Tartrate to a hot solution of 
Sodium Carbonate. 

(c) Soluble in 1.4 parts of Water. 

(d) Saline Cathartic and Refrigerant. 

(e) ^ to 8 drs. 

(f ) Pulvis Effervescens Compositus. 
Describe Conine. 

Conine is a colorless, inflammable, oily liquid having a 
strongly Alkaline reaction, mouse-like odor, soluble in Ether, 
Alcohol and Chloroform. 
What U. S. P. drug is obtained from the Squirting Cucumber ? 

Elaterium. 
How is Epsom Salt prepared ? 

By the action of Sulphuric Acid on native Magnesium 
Carbonate. 
What is the common or popular name for Comp. Spirit of Juniper? 

Gin. 
Upon what does the action of Culver's Root depend ? 

Leptandrin. 
What are the ingredients of Ext. Colocynth Co.? 

Ext. of Colocynth, Purified Aloes, Cardamon, Resin of 
Scammony, Soap and Alcohol. 
Into what preparation does it enter ? 

It enters into Compound Cathartic Pills and Vegetable 
Cathartic Pills. 
Name the official Confections with their ingredients and uses. 
Confection of Rose — Red Rose, Sugar, Clarified Honey 
and Stronger Rose Water. It is used principally as a Pill 
excipient. 

Confection of Senna — Senna, Cassia Fistula, Tamarind, 
Prune, Fig, Sugar, Oil of Coriander and Water. 
It is used as a mild Purgative. 

185 



What Acids are contained in Balsam of Tolu ? 

Cinnamic and Benzoic Acids. 
What is Allium Cepa ? 

Onion. 
What is Avens sativa ? 

Oats. 
What is Piperin ? ( 

A neutral principle obtained from Pepper and other plants 
of the neutral order Piperaceae. 
In what form is H^Oo official ? 
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi. 
In what form is Hydriodic Acid official ? 

Syrup of Hydriodic Acid. 
What is Apple of Peru ? 

Stramonium. 
Name three solvents for Thymol. 

Alcohol, Ether and Chloroform. 
How much Opium is contained in a fl. dr. of Laudanum ? 

Six grs. 
What amount of total Alkaloid is contained in loo cc. of Tinct. 
of Nux Vomica ? 
Three grammes. 
What is Quitch, and what part of the plant is official ? 

Quitch or Triticum. The rhizome, deprived of the roots. 
Give process of making Pepsin. 

The inner membranous linings of hogs' stomachs are 
washed, minced and the mass digested with Water acidulated 
with Hydrochloric Acid ; the solution filtered and evapora- 
ted in vacuum or placed on shallow trays, then heated to a tem- 
perature not above 112° F., until reduced to a syrupy con- 
sistence, then spread on glass plates to dry. 
Give process for making Pancreatin. 

Macerate the cut up Pancreas in Water acidulated with 
Hydrochloric Acid for 48 hours and filter till clear. Add a 
saturated solution of Sodium Chloride, and allow to stand 
until Pancreatin rises to the top ; skim this, drain on a muslin 
filter, wash with a little less concentrated solution of Sodium 
Chloride and press until nearly dry ; then rub up with Sugar 
of Milk, dry thoroughly without heat, and dilute with Sugar 
of Milk until 10 grs. just emulsify 2 drs. of Cod Liver Oil. 
What is Titration ? 

Volumetric Analysis. 
What is the solubility of Ammonium Chloride in Water ? 
One in three. 

186 



What is the Latin official name for Borax ? 

Sodii Boras. 
What U. S. P. drug is obtained from the seed of Anamirta 
peniculat ? 
Picro toxin. 
What is Soap Durus? 

Hard or Castile Soap. 
What is Cerussa Acetata? 

Lead Acetate. 
What points must be observed in collecting Wild Cherry ? 

The bark of the very large and of the very small branches 
is to be rejected. 
Tamarind — (a) what is it ? (b) natural order, (c) habitat, (d) 
medicinal properties, (e) preparation, (f) describe Tamarind. 

(a) The preserved pulp of the fruit of Tamarindus Indica. 

(b) Leguminoceae. 

(c) India and the West Indies. 

(d) Laxative and Refrigerant. 

(e) Confection of Senna. 

(f) A reddish-brown, sweet, subacid, pulpy mass, contain- 
ing strong, somewhat branching fibres, and polished, brown, 
flattish, quadrangular seeds, each enclosed in a tough mem- 
brane. Taste, sweet and refreshingly acidulous. 

Atropine — (a) what is it? (b) medicinal properties, (c) dose, (d) 
antidotes, (e) the Atropine of commerce is found associated 
with what other Alkaloid? (f) what Salt of Atropine is official? 
(g) which is to be preferred for use in the eye. Atropine or 
Atropine Sulphate? 

(a) An Alkaloid obtained from Belladonna. 

(b) Mydriatic and Anodyne. 

(c) Tw to A gr. 

(d) Wash out the stomach with solutions of Tannic Acid, 
Opium, Physostigmine or Pilocarpine. Stimulants. 

(e) Hyoscyamine. 

(f) Atropine Sulphate. 

(g) Atropine is to be preferred, as the Sulphate contains 
Sulphuric Acid. 

What is Homatropine Hydrobromate ? 

The Hydrobromate of an unofficial and derivative Alkaloid 
obtained by the action of Dilute Hydrochloric Acid on 
Amygdalate of Tropin. Preferred as a Mydriatic to Atropine 
because less irritating to the conjunctive. 
Give test for Atropine. 

If a small quantity of Atropine or any Salts be heated with 
a little concentrated Sulphuric Acid, a peculiar odor, recalhng 

187 



that of a mixture of Rose, Orange flower and Melilot, will be 
noticeable. On gradually adding minute fragments of Potas- 
sium Bichromate, the odor will change to that of Oil of Bitter 
Almond ; the Rose disappearing as more Bichromate is 
added. 
Name some vegetable drugs that do not contain Tannic Acid. 

Quassia, Chirata and Calumba. 
If Wine of Colchicum were prescribed without any further speci- 
fication, which of the forms of Colchicum Wines should be 
dispensed, and why ? 

Wine of Colchicum Seed, because it is of a weaker per cent 
than the Wine of Colchicum Root. 
What preparation of Opium is best adapted for use in eye prep- 
arations, and why ? 

Wine of Opium, on account of the small per cent of Alcohol 
as compared with the other forms of Opium. 
How is Star Anise defined, and upon what does its medicinal 
property depend ? 

The fruit of Illicium Verum. Volatile Oil. 
What drug is defined as the root of Jateorhiza palmata? 

Calumba. 
How is Camphoric Acid made ^ State use and dose. 

By boiling Camphor with concentrated Nitric Acid. Used 
for night sweats, bronchitis and diarrhoea. Bose, lo to 30grs. 
How is Picric Acid made ? 

By the action of Nitric Acid on Indigo, Silk, Wool, Aloes, 
etc.; but the principal source is by adding Carbolic Acid to 
Sulphuric Acid, then to the Phenolsulphuric Acid formed add 
Nitric Acid or Sodium Nitrate. 
What is a synthetic product? 

One that is prepared artificially. Example — Methyl Sali- 
cylate. 
What Lichen is official P 

Cetraria. 
Is Carragheen a Lichen ? 
No. It is an Alga. 
What is Peppermint Camphor? 

Menthol. 
What is the object of the Canella in Hiera Picra? 

To modify the griping action of the Aloes. 
Name five official Rhizomes. 

Calamus, Aspidium, Triticum, Sanguinaria and Ginger. 
Name six U. S. P. fruits. 

Anise, Capsicum, Cardamon, Caraway, Fennel and Conium. 

188 



Name six official leaves. 

Poison Ivy, Chestnut, Nutmeg, Mustard, Strophanthus and 
Stramonium. 
What plants beside Nux Vomica yield Strychnine? 

St. Ignatia Bean and other plants of the natural order 
Loganiaceae. 
What is the best solvent for the scale Salts of Iron ? 

Warm Water. 
What entire plants are official ? 

Pulsatilla, Skullcap, Celandine, Cetraria, Chondrus, Chirata. 
What Acids are contained in Tamarind ? 

Tartaric, Citric and Malic Acids. 
What three vegetable drugs occur in nature in powder form ? 

Lupulin, Lycopodium and Kamala. 
Give examples of official preparations made from drugs having 
the following degrees of fineness : 20, 40, 60 and 80. 

20 Tincture of Arnica Flowers 

40 Tincture of Arnica Root 

60 Tincture of Aconite 

80 Tincture of Opium 

What is the official definition of Leptandra ? 

The rhizome and roots of Veronica Virginica. 
What is the difference between Litharge and Red Lead or Minium ? 

Litharge or Lead Oxide, PbO. Red Lead or Minium or 
Lead Dioxide, PbOg. 
What are the doses of Menthol and Thymol ? 

Menthol, i to 5 grs. Thymol, J4 to 2 grs. 
How is Zinc granulated ? 

By pouring melted Zinc from a height into a vessel con- 
taining Water. 
What is Tincal ? 

Tincal or Crude Borax. 
What is Brimstone ? 

Brimstone or Roll Sulphur. 
What is the use and dose of Methyl Salicylate ? 

Antirheumatic. Dose, i to 5 mins. 
What is the best solvent for Iodoform ? 

Ether. 
What per cent of Sulphuric Acid does Sulphuric Ether contain? 

Sulphuric Ether does not contain any Sulphuric Acid. It 
is called Sulphuric Ether because Sulphuric Acid is used in 
making it. 
What is the difference between Benzin and Benzol ? 

Benzin is the purified distillate from American Petroleum, 
consisting of Hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marsh-gas series, 

189 



and is a colorless liquid having an odor slightly resembling 
that of Petroleum. Sp. gr. 0.67 to o. 675 ; boiling point be- 
tween 122 and 140° F., and soluble in 6 parts of Alcohol. 

Benzol is obtained from Coal-tar, and is a colorless, aroma- 
tic liquid. Sp. gr. 0.88. Boiling point 176.6° F., and solu- 
ble in 4 parts of Alcohol. 
What is Pyroligneous Acid ? 

Crude Acetic Acid. 

What official drug is directed to be deprived of its long awn ? 

Strophanthus. 
What are the uses of H ^S ? 

Used as a reagent in quaUtative analysis of some of the 
metals. 
How can Vegetable Charcoal be distinguished from Animal 
Charcoal ? 

Vegetable Charcoal is finer than Animal Charcoal, which 
occurs in granular fragments. 
What part of Ulmus is official ? 

The inner bark. 
What are the meanings of the following abbreviations ? V. S., 

np c p p N N N 

± . o., v^. X ., y, Yiyj Tinr- 

V. S. — Volumetric Solution. 
T. S. — Test Solution. 
C. P. — Chemically pure. 
y — Normal Solution. 
-^ — Decinormal Solution. 
-j^ — Centinormal Solution. 
What is Black Ink chemically? 

Tannate of Iron. 
What menstruum is used in the official preparation of Calabar 
Bean? 
Alcohol. 
Name two double Salts. 

Alum and Tartar Emetic. 
Describe Pilocarpus. 

About 10 to 15 cm. long, and 4 to 6 cm. broad, short- 
stalked, oval or ovate-oblong, entire and slightly revolute at 
the margin, obtuse and emarginate, unequal at the base, dull 
green, taste somewhat bitter and pungent. 
Describe Calumba. 

In nearly circular disks, 3 to 6 cm. in diameter, externally 
greenish-brown and wrinkled, internally yellowish or grayish- 
yellow, depressed in the centre, odor slight, taste mucilagin- 
ous, slightly aromatic, very bitter. 

190 



How much Opium in a teaspoonful of Paregoric ? 



2 4 o-r 



When NHg is added to a solution of HgClg what is formed ? 

Ammoniated Mercury. 
What is formed when Chloral is mixed with a strong Alkali? 

Chloroform and a formate of the Alkali used. 
What chemical change takes place in making Lead plaster ? 

Saponification. Lead plaster is, strictly speaking, a chem- 
ical compound, Lead Oleate. 
Name the official antidote for Arsenic poisoning. 

Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia. 
What are the medicinal properties of Gentian, Strophanthus, 
Scoparius, Scilla, Salacin and Filix Mas ? 

Gentian Bitter Tonic. 

Strophanthus . . . . Cardiac Stimulant. 

Scoparius Diuretic. 

Salacin Antiperiodic and Antirheumatic. 

Filix Mas Taenifuge. 

Give habitat of Ergot. 

Common in rye fields, supply chiefly from Germany, 
Russia and Spain. 
What are the ingredients of Dewee's Carminative ? 

Dewee's Carminative or Mistura Magnesiae et Asafoetida, 
U. S. P. 1880. Magnesium Carbonate, Tincture of Asafoe- 
tida, Tinct. Opium, Sugar and Distilled Water. 
What Salt of Zinc is used in eye lotions ? 

Zinc Sulphate. 
Give a brief description of Physostigma. 

Physostigma or Calabar Bean is about 25 to 30 mm. long, 
15 to 20 mm. broad, and 10 to 15 mm. thick; oblong, and 
somewhat reniform ; tests granular, chocolate-brown, with a 
broad black groove extending over the entire length of the 
. convex edge ; embryo with a short, curved radicle, and two 
large, white, concavo-convex cotyledons ; inodorous ; taste 
bean-like. 
What is Chlorodyne ? 

A proprietary British preparation, the preparation under 
the title Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphinae Composita of 
the British Pharmacopceia is said to be of similar composi- 
tion. The principal ingredients are Diluted Hydrocyanic 
Acid, Morphine Hydrochlorate, Tinct. Cannabis Indica, 
Tinct. Capsicum, Chloroform and Oil of Peppermint. 
What is the difference between Chemical and Physical change ? 
Chemical change is a change resulting in the formation of a 
new substance differing entirely from the original. 

191 



Physical change is a change in appearance only not in the 
chemical composition of the substance. 
Name the Haloids. 

The Haloids, Halogens or Salt producers are Chlorine, 
Bromine, Iodine and Fluorine. 
Give test to distinguish Light from Heavy Magnesia. 

Heavy Magnesia differs from Light Magnesia in not read- 
ily uniting with Water to form a gelatinous mass. 
Give simple tests for Lycopodium. 

Lycopodium floats upon Water, but is |not wetted by it; 
and burns quickly when thrown into flame. 
What is the comparative solubility of Acetates ? 

All Acetates are soluble except Quinine Acetate. 
What is the principal ore of Lead ? 

Galena or Lead Sulphide. 
What is Plumbago ? 

Black Lead ; one of the allotropic modifications of Carbon. 
Learn the medicinal properties of the following drugs 



Rubus 

Rhus Toxicodendron 

Tobacco 

Serpentaria 

Sumbul . 

Rhus Glabra 

Spigeiia . 

Senega . 

Matircaria 

Anthemis 

Matico . 

Rumex . 

Aspidosperma 

Cypripedium 

Kino . 

Kamala . 

Colocynth 

Juglans . 

Valerian . 

Geranium 

Pomegranate 

Podophyllum 

Hyoscyamus 

Pepe . 

Leptandra . 

Calumba 



Tonic and Astringent 

Local irritant 

Sedative 

Tonic, Diaphoretic and Diuretic 

Antispasmodic 

Astringent and Refrigerant 

Anthelmintic 

Expectorant and Diuretic 

Tonic, large doses. Emetic 

Tonic, large doses, Emetic 

Tonic and Stimulant 

Astringent and Tonic 

Antiperiodic 

Antispasmodic 

Astringent 

Taenifuge 

Drastic Hydragogue Cathartic 

Cathartic 

Antispasmodic 

Tonic and Astringent 

Anthelmintic 

Cholagogue, Cathartic 

Anodyne, Narcotic, Mydriatic 

Taenifuge 

Alterative, Cholagogue 

Tonic 



192 



Learn the following doses : 

Chlorate of Potassium 5 

Aloin % 

Chloral Hydrate 5 

Cerium Oxalate i 

Oil of Savine i 

Oil of Gaultheria 5 

Croton Oil J^ 

Rectified Oil of Turpentine .... 5 

Carbolic Acid i 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid i 

Gamboge i 

Sulphur Iodide i 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid 10 

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid 5 

Ammonium Carbonate 5 

Ammonium Chloride 5 

Tartar Emetic ^ 

Antimony Oxide i 

Camphor i 

Monobromated Camphor i 

Aconite % 

Digitalis yi 

Creosote i 

Codeine i^ 

Cocaine Hydrochlorate ^ 

Inf Digitalis i 

Iodine i^ 

Ipecac yi 

Reduced Iron i 

Jalap ■ .... 10 

Sulphate of Iron i 

Dried Sulphate of Iron ^ 

Valerianate of Iron y^ 

Glycerin 5 

Apomorphous Hydrochlorate . . . . -^ 

Oil of Bitter Almond ^ 

Pilocarpine Hydrochlorate y^ 

Sugar of Lead i 

Liq. Potassae 5 

Liq. Sodae 5 

Rhubarb 5 

Hyoscyamine Sulphate -^ 

Hyoscine Hydrobromate y^ 

193 



o 20 grs. 
o 2 grs. 
o 30 grs. 
o 5 grs. 
o 5 mins. 
o 30 mins. 
o 3 mins. 
o 30 mins. 
o 3 grs. 

3 mins. 
5 grs. 

4 grs. 
20 mins. 
10 mins. 
15 grs. 

o 30 grs. 
o 3 grs. 

3 gfs. 
10 grs. 

5 grs. 

2 grs. 

3 grs. 
3 mins. 

3 grs. 
2 grs. 

4 fl. drs. 

I gr- 
o 30 grs. 

o 5 grs. 

o 30 grs. 

o 5 grs. 

o 3 grs. 

o 3 grs. 

o 30 mins. 

o y^ gr. 

o y min. 

o K gr. 
o 5 grs. 
o 30 mins. 
o 20 mins. 
o 30 grs. 
o Agr. 
to Tw gr. 



How is Ammonium Carbonate made ? 

By subjecting to sublimation and resublimation a mixture 
of Ammonium Chloride and Calcium Carbonate. 

How is Ammonium Chloride made ? 

By neutralizing the Ammoniacal gas-liquors, condensed in 
the preparation and purification of illuminating gas from Coal 
with HCl, evaporating the solution to dryness and subliming 
the Salt. 

Name the best solvent for each of the following: (a) Tannic 
Acid, (b) Sodium Chloride, (c) Morphine Sulphate, (d) Quinine 
Sulphate, (e) Iodine, (f) Iodoform, (g) Salicylic Acid, (h) Cor- 
rosive Sublimate, (i) Pepsin. 

(a) Alcohol. 

(b) Water. 

(c) Water. 

(d) Diluted Acids. 

(e) Alcohol. 

(f) Ether. 

(g) Ether. 

(h) Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, 
(i) Chloroform. 
Give description of Iceland Moss and Irish Moss. 

Iceland Moss, from 5 to lo cm. long, foliaceous, irregularly 
branches into fringed and channeled lobes, brownish above, 
whitish beneath, and marked with small depressed spots ; 
brittle and inodorous; taste, mucilaginous and bitter. Irish 
Moss, yellowish or white, horny, translucent ; many times 
forked ; when softened in Water, cartilaginous ; has a slight 
sea-weed odor, and a mucilaginous somewhat saline taste. 
What is the principal use of Glycyrrhizin? 

As a sweetening agent. 
What preparations of Capsicum are official ? 
Oleoresin, Tincture and Fluid Extract. 
Describe Bromine. 

Bromine is a heavy, dark, brownish-red, mobile liquid, 
evolving, even at ordinary temperatures, a yellowish-red 
vapor, highly irritating to the eyes and lungs ; odor suffocating 
and resembling that of Iodine. 
Describe a syphon. 

An inverted U-shaped tube with one arm longer than the 
other and used for drawing off liquids. 
What should be dispensed for lodi Puri ^ 

Pure or Resembled Iodine. 
To what is the grittiness of Rhubarb due ? 
Calcium Oxalate. 

194 



Which variety of Cinchona is the most used ? 

Yellow Cinchona. 
What official drugs give off Chlorine ? 

Chlorine Water, Chlorinated Lime and Solution of Chlor- 
inated Soda. 
Into what preparations does MetalHc Iron enter ? 

Solution of Ferric Chloride, Saccharated Ferrous Iodide and 
Ferric Chloride. 
Give test for Salts of Bismuth. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen gives with Bismuth Salts a black 
precipitate of Bismuth Sulphide. 
Cubeb — (a) part used, (b) botanical source, (c) natural order, 
(d) habitat, (e) constituents, (f ) medicinal property, (g) dose, 
(h) preparations. 

(a) The unripe fruit. 

(b) Piper Cubeba. 

(c) Piperaceae. 

(d) Java. ^ ^ 

(e) Volatile oil, Cubebin and Cubebic Acid. 

(f ) Diuretic. 

(g) y^ to 2 drs. 

(h) Fluid Extract of Cubeb, Oleoresin of Cubeb and Tinct. 
of Cubeb. 
Name two elementary solids. 

Mercury and Iodine. 
Describe Cochineal. 

About 5 mm. long, of a purplish-gray or purplish-black 
color, somewhat oblong and angular in outHne ; flat or con- 
cave beneath, convex above ; transversely wrinkled, easily 
pulverizable, yielding a dark red powder. 
Name two elementary gases. 

Chlorine and Hydrogen. 
Name six drugs containing a volatile oil. 

Anise, Caraway, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Spearmint and 
Cloves. 
What common substance is found as an adulterant of Powdered 
Elm? 
Flour. 
How should Terebene be stored ? 

In well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, protected from light. 
What impurity is sometimes found in Calomel ? 

Corrosive Sublimate. 
What is Toxin ? 

Toxin is an amorphous nitrogenous poison formed by 
Bacteria in both living tissue and dead substances. 

195 



What is Anti-Toxin ? 

Anti-Toxin is a substance formed to counteract the action 
of a poison. 
What should be done in case a person has Lime thrown into 
their eyes ? 

Simple Syrup should be used, by which Saccharated Lime 
is formed. 
What official preparation must be kept at least three months 
before using, and why ? 

Tincture of Ferric Chloride, to allow the Ethers to form, 
which increases the medicinal value of the Tincture. 
What is known as Milk Oil ? 

Creolin or Sulpho-Naphthol. 
What special point is to be noted about Cerate Plumbi Subacet ? 

It should be made when wanted. 
Give test for Distilled Water. 

On evaporation it should leave no residue. 
Which is the most abundant volatile oil ? 

Oil of Turpentine. 
What U. S. P. preparation is almost wholly Olein ? 

Lard Oil. 
What two Volatile Oils contain Sulphur ? 

Volatile Oil of Mustard and Volatile Oil of Horseradish. 
The Sulphur occurs as Amyl Sulphide. 
What Acid is obtained from Mustard ? 

Myronic Acid. It is obtained from the Black Mustard. 
What Tincture is not taken internally P 

Tincture of Pyrethrum. 
What is Butyl-Chloral Hydrate and what are its medicinal 
properties and dose ? 

Made by passing Chlorine gas through Acetic Aldehyde ; 
this forms Butyl-Chloral, and by treating it with Water con- 
verts it into the Hydrate. Medicinal property. Hypnotic. 
Dose, 3 to 30 grs. 
What official preparation is used for burns ? 

Linimentum Calcis. 
What should be dispensed for Oleoresin Filicis ? 

Oleoresin of Aspidium or Oleoresin of Male Fern. 
Name the metals whose Salts or compounds are used in medicine. 
Aluminum, Antimony, Barium, Bismuth, Calcium, Copper, 
Gold, Iron, Lead, Lithium, Magnesium, Manganese, Mer- 
cury, Potassium, Sodium, Silver, Zinc and Strontium. 
What metal is taken more in the metallic form than any other ? 
Mercury. 

196 



Why is not Musk used to any great extent in medicine ? 

On account of its high price. 
What is a Mordant ? 

A Mordant is a substance employed to give permanency or 
brilliancy to dyes. 
What is Hiera Picra ? 

Powder of Aloes and Canella. 
What is Holy Bitter ? 

Hiera Picra. 



197 



EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 



Name the lightest substance ? 

Hydrogen. 
The lightest Metal ? 

Lithium. 
The lightest Gas ? 

Hydrogen. 
The heaviest Volatile Oil? 

Oil of Gaultheria. 
What uncombined Metals are official? 

Mercury, Iron and Zinc. 
What Acids are in Opium ? 

Meconic and Thebo-Lactic Acids. 
What poison has an official Antidote ? 

Arsenous Acid. 
What Acids are found in the gastric juice ? 

Hydrochloric and Lactic Acids. 
What preparation of Opium is official? 

Opii Pulvis. 
Name the Haloid Acids. 

Hydrobromic, Hydrochloric, Hydriodic and Hydrofluoric 
Acids. 
What is formed when the Halogens combine with Hydrogen? 

Acids. 
Name three vegetable drugs that do not contain Tannin. 

Quassia, Chirata and Calumba. 
Name two Fats. 

Lard and Suet. 
What is the use of the Ammonium Chloride in Corrosive Sub- 
limate Tablets ? 

To increase the solubility of the Corrosive Sublimate. 
What is Condy's Fluid, and for what is it used ? 

It is a solution of Potassium Permanganate, used as a dis- 
infectant and also as an antidote for Opium poisoning. 
What official Waters are by-products ? 

Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior and Aqua Rosae Fortior. 
Name two diuretics of animal origin. 

Cantharides and Cockroach. 

198 



What are the medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of Spirit of 
Nitrous Ether? 

It is used medicinally as a Diaphoretic, Diuretic and Re- 
frigerant. 

Pharmaceutically for making Mist. Glycyrrhizae Comp. 

What per cent of Sugar is in Figs ? 

Forty-nine per cent. 
What form of Sugar ? 

Grape Sugar. 
What is the botanical difference between Spanish Saffron and 
American Saffron ? 

Spanish Saffron is the stigma of Crocus sativa ; American 
Saffron is the floret of Carthamus Tinctorius. 
What are Pycnometers ? 

Specific gravity bottles. 
Which variety of Mustard enters into Mustard paper? 

The Black. 
How is Lupulin obtained? 

By shaking the strobiles of Humulus Lupulus. 
How does the U. S. P. define the following? (a) Burgundy Pitch, 
(b) Tar, (c) Turpentine, (d) Canada Turpentine ? 

(a) The prepared resinous exudation of Abies excelsa. 

(b) An empyreumatic Oleoresin obtained by the destructive 
distillation of the wood of Pinus Palustris, and other species 
of Pinus. 

(c) A concrete Oleoresin obtained from Pinus Palustris and 
other species of Pinus. 

(d) A hquid Oleoresin obtained from Abies Balsamea. 
State varieties of Cinchona used in making the official Tincts. 

Tinct. Cinchona, Yellow Cinchona and Tinct. Cinchona 
Comp. Red. 
What is Chlorophyll ? 

The green coloring matter of plants. 
What is Xanthophyll ? 

The yellow coloring matter of plants. 
How many Alkaloids has Opium, and which are official ? 

Nineteen. Morphine and Codeine. 
What is the difference between the Troy grain and the Avoir- 
dupois grain ? 
No difference. 
What is the difference between the Apothecaries* and Avoirdu- 
pois ounce ? 

42.5 grains difference. 

199 



Give rule for converting grains into grammes and grammes into 
grains. 

Divide by 15.432; multiply by 15.432. 
What Mixtures are to be made fresh ? 

Griffith's Mixture and Chalk Mixture. 
What general active constituent is found in almost all plants? 

Tannic Acid. 
What U. S. P. Oil is expressed without heat ? 

Linseed Oil. 
Into what preparation does it enter? 

Lin. Calcis. 
How is Jalap defined ? 

The tuberous root of Ipomcea Jalapa. 
What drug is obtained from Garcinia Hanburii ? 

Gamboge. 
What is the dose of Iron and Strychnine Citrate ? 

One to five grains. 
What part of Ulmus is official ? 

The inner bark. 
In soap making what by-product is obtained ? 

Glycerin. 
In the process of dessication what percent of Water does Opium 
lose? 

Thirty per cent. 
Give U. S. P. definition of Mel. 

It is a saccharine secretion deposited in the honeycomb by 
Apis Mellifica. 
What object does Nitrogen serve in the air ? 

To dilute the Oxygen. 
Five centimeters are how many inches ? 

Almost two inches. 
One milligram is what part of a grain ? 

About -g^. 
Is the air a chemical compound ? 

No, it is a mechanical mixture. 
Into what preparation does Lard Oil enter ? 

Citrine Ointment. 
Into what preparation does Ethereal Oil enter? 

Compound Spirit of Ether. 
Name two official Waters that are prepared by agitation of the 
drug with water and filtration ? 

Creosote Water and Bitter Almond Water. 
Into what preparation does Fluid Extract of Mezereum enter? 

Into Compound Liniment of Mustard. 

200 



Which contains more Metallic Iron, Liq. Ferri Tersulphatis or 
Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis ? 

Liq. Ferri Subsulphatis. 
Give ingredients of Phosphorated Oil. 

Phosphorus, Expressed Oil of Almond and Ether. 

Name five rhizomes. 

Calamus, Ginger, Triticum, Geranium and Sanguinaria. 
What U. S. P.. root has a musk-hke odor and is called musk 
root? 
Sumbul. 
Name preparations of Washed Sulphur. 

Pulv. Glycyrrhiza Comp. and Ung. Sulphuris. 
Name two prote and two fer salts of Iron. 

Prote Salts: — Ferrous Lactate and Ferrous Sulphate. 
Per Salts : — Ferric Hydrate and Ferric Citrate. 
What are the two kinds of quantitative analysis } 

Gravimetric and Volumetric. 
Name preparations of Bal. Tolu. 

Tr. Benz. Co. and Tr. Tolu. 
What objection is there to making Benz. Lard from Tinct. 
Benz. ? 

On account of the irritation that would be caused from 
Alcohol. 
Name preparations of Belladonna Leaves. 

Alcoholic Ext. Belladonna Leaves and Tr. Belladonna 
Leaves. 
Name preparation of Bell. Root. 
Ext. Belladonna Rad. Fluid. 
What is the meaning of the word Mitis ? 

Mild. 
How is Storax defined ? 

It is a Balsam prepared from the inner bark of Liquidam- 
bar orientalis. 
How is Washed Sulphur distinguished from Sublimed Sulphur ? 
Washed Sulphur is tasteless and odorless; Sublimed Sul- 
phur has a characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. 
How is Syrup of Acacia made? 

By mixing 25 parts of Mucilage of Acacia with 75 parts of 
Syrup. 
Which variety of Senna does the U. S. P. mention in the prepa- 
ration of Syrup of Senna ? 
Alexandria Senna. 
How long does it take to make Paregoric? 
Three days. 

201 



In what is Canada Turpentine soluble ? 

Ether, Chloroform and Benzol. 
Name ingredients of Comp. Spirit of Orange. 

Oil of Orange Peel, Oil of Lemon, Oil of Coriander, Oil 
of Anise and Deodorized Alcohol. 
With what root is Spigelia liable to be confounded ? 

With the roots of Phlox Carolina. 
Give simple test to prove that Ethereal Oil was not in a sample 
of Hoffman's Anodyne. 

On mixing it with Water it remains clear and does not be- 
come milky. 
Which is more soluble, Potassium Chlorate or Sodium Chlorate? 

Sodium Chlorate. 
What parts of Squill must be rejected before it is fit for use? 

It must be deprived of its dry, membranous outer scales and 
the central portions. 
Describe Broom, 

It occurs in thin, flexible, branched twigs, pentangular, 
winged, dark green, nearly smooth, tough and usually free 
from leaves ; odor peculiar when bruised^ taste disagreeably 
bitter. 
What is the chemical formula of Ozone ? 

Oz. 
What was Deodorized Opium called in the U. S. P. of 1880? 

Denarcotized Opium. 
What should be done to Oil of Rose when it has congealed ? 

It should be completely liquefied by heating. 
Give another name for Oil of Cade. 

Empyreumatic Oil of Juniper. 
What Liniment is made by dissolving a Stearopten in a Fluid 
Ext. ? 

Liniment of Belladonna. 
What is the botanical source of Pansy ? 

Viola tricolor. 
What Spirit is made by dissolving an Element in Alcohol ? 

Spirit of Phosphorus. 
Name five drugs containing a Volatile Oil. 

Cloves, Pimenta, Coriander, Peppermint and Lemon. 
Name fivG drugs containing a fixed oil. 

Linseed, Sweet Almond, Castor Bean, Olive and Cotton 
Seed. 
Name three official leaves. 

Eucalyptus,, Buchu and Matico. 
What is the principal ore of Lead ? 

Galena or Lead Sulphide. 

202 



How many avoir, ozs. in one pint of Chloroform? 

24.8 ozs. 
What is the meaning of the word " consperge " ? 

Sprinkle or dust. 
How much Acetic Acid and how much Water in 12 fl. ozs. of 
Acid Acetic Dil. ? 

Two ozs. Acetic Acid and 10 ozs. of Water. 
What U. S. P. Spirit is an Alcohohc solution of Propenyl Trini- 
trate ? 

Spirit of Glonoin. 
What varieties of Rhamni are official ? 

Rhamnus Frangular and Rhamnus Purshiana. 
Give process for making Camphor Liniment. 

Introduce the Camphor and the Cotton Seed Oil into a 
suitable flask, then apply a gentle heat by means of a water- 
bath, loosely stoppering the flask during the operation. Agitate 
from time to time until the Camphor is dissolved. 
What per cent of available Chlorine does Labarraque's Solution 
contain ? 

2.6%. 

What parts of Zea are official ? 

Styles and Stigmas. 
What is Colophony ? 

Resin. 
What is Spanish juice ? 

Extract of Liquorice. 
Give process for making Honey of Rose. 

Into a tared vessel put Fluid Extract of Rose and add 
Clarified Honey to weigh to the required amount. 
How is Kino defined ? 

The inspissated juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium. 
What part of Butternut is official and when must it be collected? 

The Bark of the Root. It must be collected in the autumn. 
To what class does Ichthyocolla belong ? 

To the Piscas class. 
Into what preparation does it enter? 

Emplastrum Ichthyocollae. 
State the medicinal properties and dose of Kamala. 

Anthelmintic. Dose, ^ to a fl. drs. 
Bittersweet, (a) part used, (b) natural order, (c) medicinal prop- 
erty, (d) active principle. 

(a) The young branches. 

(b) Solanaceae. 

(c) Alterative. 

(d) Solanine. 

203 



By what substance is the Atropine of commerce accompanied ? 
Hyoscyamine. 

Canella — (a) part used, (b) habitat, (c) popular name for mix- 
ture of Aloes and Canella, (d) object of Canella in this mixture, 
(e) medicinal properties. 

(a) The bark of Canella alba. 

(b) West Indies. 

(c) Hiera Picra. 

(d) To modify the griping effect of the Aloes. 

(e) Purgative and Emmenagogue. 

What U. S. P. drug is defined as the root of Chondodendron 
tomentosum ? 

Pareira. 
Give ingredients of Pil. Cathartic Comp. 

Comp. Ext. of Colocynth, Mild Mercurous Chlorine, Ext. 
of Jalap, Gamboge and Water. 
Give ingredients of Pil Cathartic Veg. 

Comp. Ext. of Colocynth, Ext. of Hyoscyamus, Ext. of 
Jalap, Ext. of Leptandra, Resin of Podophyllum, Oil of Pepper- 
mint and Water. 
What is Oil of Smoke ? 

Creosote. 
What is the chemical name of Salol ? 

Phenyl Salicylate. 
From which variety of Aloes is Purified Aloes prepared ? 

From Socotrine. 
What is Curacao Aloes ? 

Barbadoes Aloes. 
What Acids are found in Apples ? 

Malic, Citric and Tartaric Acids. 
What are the medicinal properties of Quince ? 

Demulcent and Emmolient. 
What is Guaiacol ? 

A colorless liquid obtained by fractional distillation of Wood 
Creosote. 
Name another substance from which it can be obtained. 

From Resin of Guaiac. 
How is Paraldehyde defined ^ 

A polymeric form of Ethylic Aldehyde. 
How much Calomel in each Plummer's Pill ? 

One-half grain. 
Name four U. S. P. Citrates. 

Lithium Citrate, Ferric Citrate, Bismuth Citrate and Potas- 
sium Citrate. 

204 



Give ingredients of, and process for making Turpentine Liniment. 

Resin Cerate and Oil of Turpentine. Melt the Cerate in 
a capsule on a water-bath, then add the Oil and mix thoroughly. 
State amount of Water of crystallization in Citric and Tartaric 
Acids. 

Citric Acid contains one molecule of Water of crystalliza- 
tion. Tartaric Acid none. 
How much Strychnine in each Pill if Strychnine Sulphate, one 
and one-half grain, is made into 45 Pills? 

-gijj- gr. Strychnine in each Pill. 
What is the principal use of Potassium Sulphate in Pharmacy ? 

As a dilutent, formerly used in making Dover's Powder. 
What is Chlorinated Lime, and what per cent of Chlorine does 
it contain ? 

A compound resulting from the action of Chlorine on Cal- 
cium Hydrate, and containing not less than 2>S% of available 
Chlorine. 
Name four official Salicylates. 

Eserine Salicylate, Sodium Salicylate, Methyl Salicylate and 
Phenyl Salicylate. 
What is the object of Potassium Iodide in Lugol's Solution ? 

To dissolve the Iodine. 
In what proportion is it used ? 

Twice the weight of the Iodine. 
What is Potass for gargling ? 

Potassium Chlorate. 
What are the active constituents of Strophanthus ? 

Strophanthin and Kombic Acid. 
In what proportion is the KI in Ung. Iodine? 

One-fourth the Iodine. 
What is Oleum Palmae Christi ? 

Castor Oil. 
What is the active principle of Meadow Saffron ? 

Colchicine. 
What is Ethiops mineral, and how is it made ? 

Black Sulphide of Mercury ; made by rubbing together 
equal parts of Mercury and Sulphur. 
State medicinal properties and dose of Guarana. 

Nerve stimulant ; dose, 30 to 60 grains. 
What is Pelosine ? 

The active principle of Pareira. 
What is the chief pharmaceutical use of Acetone ? 

For making Chloroform. 
What is Titration ? 

Volumetric analysis. 

205 



What official drugs belong to the natural order Orchidae ? 

Cypripedium and Vanilla. 
What is White Lead ? 

White Lead or Lead Carbonate. 
What is Litharge ? 

Litharge or impure Lead Oxide. 
Name constituents of Yellow Dock. 

Chrysophanic Acid, Mucilage, Tannin, Starch and Calcium 
Oxalate. 
How is Aloin extracted ? 

By dissolving one part of Aloes in ten parts of Boiling 
Water acidulated with HCl, and the liquid, when cooled, is 
decanted from the resinous matter, evaporated to about two 
parts, and set aside to crystallize. 
State dose and medicinal properties of Chloral. 

Dose, lo to 30 grains. Hypnotic. 
What is the medicinal property of Rottlera ? 

Anthelmintic. 
Upon what does its action depend ? 

Rotterlin. 
Name two drugs N. O. Convolvulaceae. 

Jalap and Scammony. 
What is Veronica Virginica ? 

Leptandra. 
Name substances that Benzin will dissolve. 

Fats, Resins, Oils and Elastics. 
What Salt of Sodium is called Sodium Thiosulphate ? 

Sodium Hyposulphite. 
What is the botanical source of Oil of Fleabane ? 

Erigeron Canadense. 
What is the medicinal property of Naphthol ? 

Antiseptic. 
What change takes place when Chloral is exposed to the air ? 

It slowly volatilizes. 
What part of Gossypium is Absorbent Cotton ? 

The hairs of the Seed. 
What do the formulas CHCI3, CHI3 and CHBrg represent? 

Chloroform, Iodoform and Bromoform. 
What is the most powerful oxidizing agent ? 

Potassium Permanganate. 
What is Coal-tar Camphor ? 

Naphthalin. 
Name drugs that exist in nature in powder form. 

Kamala, Lupulin and Lycopodium. 

206 



Name four chemicals which, when heated, give off Oxygen. 

Red Oxide of Mercury, Yellow Oxide of Mercury, Potas- 
sium Chlorate and Sodium Chlorate. 
What do the prefixes ortho, meta, and para mean ? 

Ortho — straight, or regular. Meta — beyond. Para — 
near or by the side of 
How is Potassium Permanganate made ? 

By the oxidation of Manganese Dioxide in the presence of 
Potassa and treating Potassium Manganate formed with 
Water. 
Give common name for Acid Potassium Tartrate. 

Cream of Tartar. 
How is Cream of Tartar obtained ? 

By recrystallizing the crude Tartar Argols which is deposited 
in wine casks. 
Give Latin official name of Pellitory. 

Pyrethrum. 
What is Brimstone ? 

Roll of Crude Sulphur. 
What U. S. P. preparation is generally called Simple Syrup ? 

Syrupus. 
Upon what does the medicinal action of Dandelion depend ? 

Taraxacin. 
Into what preparation does Cream of Tartar enter ? 

Pulvis Japapae Compositus. 
Why is it improper to call Copaiba, Balsam of Copaiba ? 

Because it contains neither'Cinnamic nor Benzoic Acids. 
What is Creta Praeparata ? 

Creta Praeparata or Prepared Chalk is native Calcium Car- 
bonate. 
How is it purified ? 

By elutriation. 
What is Glycerol ? 

Glycerin. 
How is Glycerin made ? 

By the action of Alkalies or of superheated steam upon 
fats and fixed oils. 
What is it chemically ? 

Propenyl Alcohol. 
How is Carbon Disulphide made ? 

By passing Sulphur vapors over red hot charcoal and con- 
densing the resulting vapors. 
Into what official preparation does it enter ? 

Mustard Paper. 

207 



With what Acid is Codeine found combined? 

Meconic Acid. 
State natural orders of Balsam of Tolu and Balsam of Peru. 

Leguminosae. 
What is Anethi Fructus ? 

Dill Fruit. 
What is its medicinal property. 

Carminative. 
Which has the higher melting point, White or Yellow Wax? 

White. 
How would you pulverize Camphor or Spermaceti ? 

By rubbing with a little Alcohol. 
What is the medicinal property of Moulded Silver Nitrate ? 

Escharotic. 
What is Lignin ? 

Identical with Cellulose, the woody fibres of plants. 
Give ingredients of Syrup of Tolu. 

Balsam of Tolu, Precipitated Calcium Phosphate, Sugar, 
Alcohol and Water. 
Give outline of process for making. 

Dissolve the Balsam in the Alcohol by gently heating. 
Mix the Precipitated Calcium Phosphate with a portion of 
the Sugar in a mortar ; thoroughly incorporate with it the 
solution of the Balsam, set the mortar aside in a moderately 
warm place until the Alcohol has evaporated. Then triturate 
the residue with some of the Water and filter the mixture 
through a well-wetted filter, returning the first portions of the 
filtrate until it runs through clear. To the filtrate, heated to 
a temperature of about 140° F., add the remainder of the 
Sugar and dissolve it by agitation. Allow the Syrup to cool, 
strain it and pass enough Water through the filter and strainer 
to make the product measure 1000 cc. 
What per cent of Volatile Oil does Star-Anise yield ? 

About 5%. 
State active constituents of German Chamomile and English 
Chamomile. 

Volatile Oil and Anthemic Acid. 
Name some drugs of Animal origin. 

Musk, Lard, Lanolin, Suet, Pepsin, Pancreatin, Cantharides, 
Honey, Ingluvin, Oxgall, Cochineal, Spermaceti, White Wax 
and Yellow Wax. 
What impurity is found in Sodium Chloride ? 

Magnesium Chloride. 
What chemical change takes place in Litharge when exposed? 
It absorbs CO 2 and becomes converted into Lead Carbonate. 

208 



What is the common name for Mercuric Ammonium Chloride? 

White Precipitate. 
What is Tri-iodi-methane ? 

Iodoform. 
What does the word Siccus mean ? 

Dry. 
What is Glusidum ? 

Saccharine. 
Name two substances that are obtained from Totuol. 

Benzoic Acid and Saccharin. 
What are Conserves or Electuaries ? 

Confections. 
When Sodium Sulphate is exposed to the air what change takes 
place ? 

It effloresces. 
Does this change make the dose larger or smaller. 

Smaller. 
How is Light Magnesia made ? 

Light or Calcined Magnesia is made by heating Light Mag- 
nesium Carbonate. 
How is Heavy Magnesia made ? 

By heating Heavy Magnesium Carbonate. 
How is Sulphurated Lime made ? 

By heating Dried Calcium Sulphate, Charcoal and Starch 
together until the black color is lost. 
State the medicinal properties of Sulphurated Lime. 

Depilatory and used internally in skin diseases. 
What is Liver of Sulphur? 

Sulphurated Potash. 
How is it made ? 

By fusing Sublimed Sulphur and Potassium Carbonate. 
What are its medicinal properties ? 

Used externally in skin diseases. 
What is Calamine? 

Impure Zinc Carbonate. 
What is Galena ? 

Lead Sulphide. 
State medicinal and pharmaceutical uses of ground Linseed. 

Used medicinally for making poultices ; pharmaceutically 
for making lutes. 
What is a Lute ? 

A composition to secure the joints of chemical vessels and 
tubes or as a covering to protect them from the fire. 
What two Volatile Oils yield Stearoptens ? 

Oil of Thyme and Oil of Peppermint. 

209 



What substance is generally added to Oil of Lemon in the trade 
to preserve it ? 

Five per cent Alcohol. 
Into what preparation does Sodium Hypophosphite enter? 

Syrup of the Hypophosphites. 
Define the following : Horse Salt, Epsom Salt, EngHsh Salt and 
Bitter Salt. 

Horse Salt — Sodium Sulphate. Epsom Salt — Magnesium 
Sulphate. English Salt — Magnesium Sulphate. Bitter Salt 
— Magnesium Sulphate. 
What is Nitre ? 

Potassium Nitrate. 
What is Cubic Nitre ? 

Sodium Nitrate. 
What is the cheapest source for obtaining Nitrates ? 

Sodium Nitrate. 
Give process for making Tincture of Digitalis. 

Moisten Digitalis No. 60 powder with Diluted Alcohol and 
macerate for twenty-four hours ; then pack it firmly in a cylin- 
drical percolator, and gradually pour Diluted Alcohol upon it 
until 1000 cc. are obtained. 
What chemicals are used in making Monsel's Solution ? 

Ferrous Sulphate, Sulphuric and Nitric Acids. 
Name five official preparations of Mercury containing Mercury 
in the metallic state, stating the percentage of Mercury. 

Ung. Hydrargyri, 33%. Mass. Hydrargyri, 50%. Hydrar- 
gyricum Cretae, 38%. Emplast. Hydrargyri, 30%. Emplast. 
Hydrargyri cum Ammoniac 18%. 
How much Corrosive Sublimate must be used to make one pint 
of I in 1000 solution ? 
7.29 grs. 
Pereira — (a) part used, (b) medicinal properties, (c) habitat, (d) 
preparation. 

(a) Root. 

(b) Tonic, Diuretic and Aperient. 

(c) Brazil. 

(d) Fluid Extaact. 

How much Morphine should there be in 2^ drs. of Paregoric? 

From .078 to .090 grs. 
What should be done when Monsel's Solution deposits a whitish, 
semi-solid, crystalHne substance ? 

The appHcation of gentle heat will restore it to its natural 
condition. 

210 



State doses of Aqua Laurocerasi and Wine of Ergot. 

Aqua Laurocerasi — J^ to i fl. drs. Wine of Ergot — i to 
3 drs. 
What must be present in order that Chlorine can bleach ? 

Moisture. 
What are the medicinal properties of Matiche leaves ? 

Stimulant and Hemostatic. 
For what is Oleic Acid used ? 

For making the official Oleates. 
Name four bitter tonics. 

Gentian, Calumba, Quassia and Chirata. 
Name drugs of the natural order Irideae. 

Crocus and Iris. 
Name the fatty Acids. 

Stearic, Palmitic and Oleic Acids. 
What is the difference between Prepared Chalk and Precipitated 
Chalk .? 

Prepared Chalk is a purer form of Calcium Carbonate; 
Precipitated Chalk does not possess the fineness of Prepared 
Chalk. 
Name preparations of Prepared Chalk. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta, Pulvis Cretae Comp. and Troch. 
Cretae. 
How many molecules of Water of crystallization does Copper 
Sulphate contain P 
Five. 
Name preparations of Digitalis. 

Extract of Digitalis, Fluid Extract of Digitalis, Infusion of 
Digitalis and Tincture of Digitalis. 
What direction does the U. S. P. give about Mustard Paper in 
regard to the application ? 

It should be dipped in Warm Water for about fifteen 
seconds before it is applied to the skin. 
What two drugs are called Wintergreen P 

Chimaphila and Gaultheria. 
Name the three kinds of Snakeroot. 

Black Snakeroot, Cimicifuga; Virginia Snakeroot, Serpen- 
taria; and Canada Snakeroot, Asarum. 
What is the commercial name for Eiastica ? 

Para Rubber. 
Give test to determine the absence of moisture in Iodine. 

A solution of Iodine in Chloroform should be perfectly 
clear; absence of moisture. 
State solubihty of Iodine in Water and Alcohol. 

Soluble in 5000 parts of Water and in 10 parts of Alcohol. 

211 



State solubility of Corrosive Sublimate in Water and in Alcohol. 

Soluble in 1 6 parts of Water and in 3 parts of Alcohol. 
What preparation of Witch Hazel is official ? 

Fluid Extract. 
Upon what does the medicinal property of Witch Hazel depend ? 

Tannic Acid. 
Name Alkaloids contained in Veratrum Viride. 

Fervine, Veratroidine, Pseude-jervine and Rubijervine. 
What is Tincture Inflata? 

Tincture of Lobelia. 
What is Milkman's Liniment ? 

Liniment of Ammonia. 
How is Lard purified ? 

By washing with Water, melting and straining. 
What is Lead Plaster chemically ? 

Lead oleo-palmitate. 
What is Tincal ? 

Crude Borax. 
Name five drugs belonging to the Pine family. 

Turpentine, Burgundy Pitch, Tar, Canada Balsam and 
Savine. 
What must be removed from a coin in order to make U. S. P. 
Silver Nitrate ? 

Copper. 
What U. S. P. preparation is obtained from Sabadilla Seeds ? 

Veratrine. 
What is the difference between Thebaica and Theraica ? 

Thebaica is Opium. Theraica is Molasses. 
What is formed by the action of NH3 on HgCU ? 

Ammoniated Mercury. 
What are the medicinal properties of Thymol and Menthol ? 

Sedative and Antiseptic. 
How much Oil of Bitter Almond is in i fl. oz. of Bitter Almond 
Water ? 

yStjj or nearly ^ min. 
In what form is Carbon official? 

As Vegetable and Animal Charcoal. 
Upon what does the demulcent action of Linum depend ? 

Upon the mucilaginous principle which it contains. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Tr. of Kino. 

Kino, Glycerin, Water and Alcohol. 

Mix the Glycerin with the Water and part of the Alcohol. 
Rub the Kino in a mortar, adding gradually sufficient quantity 
of the menstruum until a smooth paste is produced. Trans- 
fer this to a bottle, add the remainder of the menstruum and 

212 



macerate for 24 hours with occasional agitation. Filter and 
add enough Alcohol through the filter to make the product 
measure 1000 cc. 
State medicinal properties of Pulsatilla, Leptandra, Skullcap and 
Colocynth. 

Pulsatilla Irritant and Diaphoretic 

Leptandra Cathartic and Cholagogue 

Skullcap Tonic and Antispasmodic 

Colocynth Hydragogue 

What is KaoHn chemically ? 

Kaolin or China Clay is native Aluminum Silicate. 
Name two official preparations made from Metallic Iron. 

Ferric Chloride and Saccharated Ferrous Iodide. 
What is the source of Buxine? 

It is an Alkaloid obtained from Pareira. 
How is Cera Alba obtained ? 

By bleaching Yellow Wax (that is by exposing it to air, 
light and moisture). 
What is Hydrosulphuric Acid, and what is its principal use ? 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen ; used as a reagent for testing the 
metals. 
What is the medicinal property of Eucalyptol and Creosote ? 

Antiseptic. 
What is the dose of Phenacetin ? 

Five to fifteen grains. 
What is the dose of Oil of Gaultheria ? 

Five to twenty mins. 
Which is more poisonous Opium or Codeine ? 

Opium. 
What is the principal ore in Mercury ? 

Mercury Sulphide of Cinnabar. 
What should be dispensed for Tincture Opii Co ? 

Paregoric. 
State source of Oil of Cade, and by what process obtained. 

From the wood of Juniperus Oxyosdrus. Dry distillation. 
How is H2SO3 prepared from HgSO^ ? 

By reducing HgSO^ with Charcoal. 
Which variety of Mustard is used in the preparation of Volatile 
Oil of Mustard and Mustard paper ? 

Black Mustard. 
Give medicinal property and dose of Sulphurous Acid. 

Antiseptic. Dose, 10 to 60 mins. 
What Salt of Sulphurous Acid is official ? 

Sodium Sulphite. 

213 



State medicinal property and dose. 

Antiseptic. Dose, lo to 5o|grs. 
What is the meaning of the word Plava ? 

Yellow. 
What is the meaning of the word Sypho ? 

Syringe. 
What part of Hemlock is official ? 

The Fruit. 
Yellow Dock — (a) give Latin'official namej;(b) part used, (c) 
habitat, (d) active principle, (e) medicinal properties, (f) 
preparation. 

(a) Rumox. 

(b) Root. 

(c) United States. 

(d) Chrysophanic Acid, Rumicin. 

(e) Tonic, Alterative and Astringent. 

(f) Fluid Extract. 

How is Oil of Turpentine rectified, and how can the absence of 
Resin be detected ? 

By shaking with six times its volume of Lime Water and 
redistilling. If lo cc. of the Oil be evaporated in a capsule 
on a water-bath, not more than .05 grammes of residue should 
be left. 
State active principles of the two Wormseeds. 

American Wormseed — Oil of Chenopodium. 
Levant Wormseed — Santonin. 
Describe the plant from which Hemlock is obtained. 

It is a small shrub. 
How much Opium and how much Morphine in 15 mins. of 
Tinct. Opium ? 

One and one-half grs. Opium and about ^ gr. Morphine. 
What two liquids contain 250 drops to the Fluidrachm ? 

Chloroform and Bromine. 
What is the other name for Flaxseed ? 

Linseed. 
How much Opium in a teaspoonful of Laudanum ? 

Six grs. 
What is Granatum ? 

Pomegranate. 
Give Latin name for Liverwort. 

Hepatica. 
How is Dextrine distinguished from Starch and Acacia ? 

Iodine turns Dextrine red, Starch blue, while Acacia is not 
affected by Iodine. 

214 



Give ingredients of Elixir Sodium Bromide and state strength. 

Sodium Bromide, Citric Acid and Aromatic Elixir. lo grs. 
to the drachm. 
State dose and solubility of Reduced Iron. 

Dose, one to five grs. Insoluble in Alcohol and Water. 
Give botanical name for Catnip. 

Napeta Cataria. 
How would you expect to find the drawer labelled that con- 
tained Poppy Heads? 

Papaver. 
What is Pearl Ash ? 

Impure Carbonate of Potassium. 
Give botanical name for Eyebright. 

Euphrasia OfficinaHs. 
What is White Lead ? 

Carbonate of Lead. 
What is Olibanum? 

Frankincense. 
What are the common names for (a) Rhus Glabra (b) Rhus 
Toxicodendron, (c) Scoparius. 

(a) Sumach. 

(b) Poison Ivy. 

(c) Broom. 
What is Wild Ginger ? 

Asarium. 
What are the common names for (a) Spigelia, (b) Zea, (c) Ar- 
moracis, (d) Sabina, (e) Quercus, (f) Melissa, (g) Lobelia, (h) 
Cascarilla. 

(a) Pink Root. 

(b) Common Silk. 

(c) Horse Radish. 

(d) Savine. 

(e) White Oak. 

(f) Balm. 

(g) Indian Tobacco, 
(h) Sweet Bark. 

State the botanical source of Flaxseed. 

It is defined as the Seed of Linum Usitatissimum. 
What are the medicinal properties of Linseed and upon what 
does it depend ? 

Emollient and Demulcent. Mucilage. 
What is the principal constituent of Oil of Eucalyptus ? 

Eucalyptol. 

215 



What change takes place when Chloral Hydrate and Sulphunal 
are rubbed together ? 
They liquefy. 
What change takes place when Oil of Turpentine and Iodine are 
brought together? 

A green solution is formed which becomes hot and gives 
off vapors of Iodine and Hydrochloric Acid. 
What change takes place when a half oz. of Pot. Bromide is dis- 
solved in I oz. of Camphor Water ? 

The Camphor is thrown out of solution. 
How is Chlorine prepared extemporaneously ? 

By the action of Hydrochloric Acid on Potassium Chlorate. 
What stimulating constituent is in Coffee. 

Caffeine. 
What is the active principle of St. Ignatius Bean ? 

Strychnine. 
What conditions must be present in order that fermentation may 
take place. 

Heat and moisture. 
How many unmedicated Wines are official? 

Two. Red and White Wine. 
What is the strength of Infusion of Digitalis ? 

What is the official preparation of Pepsin ? State dose. 

Saccharated Pepsin. Dose, 5 to 30 grains. 
State dose of Pot. Citrate and Effervescent Pot. Citrate. 

Fifteen to sixty grains. Thirty to ninety grains. 
What are Enzymes? 

Animal ferments. 
State medicinal property and dose of Trional. 

Hypnotic. Ten to thirty grains. 
What are Nutriants ? 

Medicines that modify the neutrative processes. 
What are Nutrients ? 

Substances that nourish. 
How is Lugol's Solution made? 

By dissolving 5 grammes of Iodine and 10 grammes of 
Potassium Iodide in a sufficient quantity of Dist. Water to 
make the product weigh 100 grammes. 
What part of the plant is Canella-i 

The Bark. 
What is Pulsatilla therapeutically ? 

Irritant, Diuretic and Diaphoretic. 
State solubility of Acacia in Water and in Alcohol. 

Soluble in two parts Water. Insoluble in Alcohol. 

216 



What should be dispensed for Tincture Opii Crocata? 

Wine of Opium. 
What chemical compound is formed when Ammonia in excess is 
added to Tincture Ferri Chloride ? 
Ferric Hydrate. 
How is Oil of Bitter Almond obtained ^ 

Obtained from Bitter Almond by maceration with Water 
and subsequent distillation. 

Oil of Bitter Almond, when kept for some time, instead of 
becoming neutral becomes Acid in reaction, owing to the for- 
mation of Benzoic Acid. 
How should Salt be tested for in Lard ? 

Boil the Lard with Distilled Water, and the Water, when 
filtered, acidulated with Nitric Acid and treated with Silver 
Nitrate test solution, yields a white precipitate soluble in 
Ammonia, proving the presence of a Chloride. 
How is Turpentine obtained ? 

Exudes spontaneously, but it is mostly collected from 
incisions made in the trunk of Pinus palustris, and from other 
species of Pinus. 
Describe Turpentine. 

It occurs in yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle in the 
cold, crumbly crystallized in the interior, of a terebinthinate 
odor and taste. 
Name adulterants of Thymol and how tested ? 

Paraffin and Spermaceti. When a crystal or Thymol is 
heated in an open capsule, on a water-bath, it should generally 
volatilize. 
How is Manna obtained ? 

Manna is obtained by making transverse incisions in the 
bark of Fraxanus ornus. 
What is the dose of Nux Vomica? 

One to four grains. 
Why is Glyceritum VitelH in the U. S. P..^ 

As an emulsifying agent. 
Podophyllum — (a) what is it ? (b) habitat, (c) medicinal proper- 
ties, (d) Synonyms, (e) preparations and their doses. 

(a) The rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum peltatum. 

(b) United States. 

(c) Cholagogue and Cathartic. 

(d) May Apple. 

(e) Mandrake Extract, i to 5 grs. Fluid Extract, 5 to 1 5 
mins. Resin, 5^ to 2 grs. 

Scammony — (a) what isit.^ (b) medicinal properties, (c) habitat, 

217 



(d) dose, (e) preparation, (f ) per cent Resin it contains, (g) 
upon what does the action of Scammony depend. 

(a) A resinous exudation from the living root of Convol- 
vulus Scammonia. 

(b) Hydragogue and Cathartic. 

(c) Western Asia. 

(d) Five to fifteen grs. 

(e) Resin of Scammony. 

(f ) From 80 to 90%. 

(g) Scammonium contained in Resin. 
How are Pills silvered? 

The Pills are moistened with a little Mucilage of Acacia 
and then placed on the Silver Leaf, about twelve to a leaf, and 
placed in a spherical or egg-shaped boxwood vessel, making 
a circle in the air for one minute. Gold may be applied in 
the same way. 
Give ingredients of Tinct. of Ferric Citro-Chloride. 

Solution of Ferric Chloride, Sodium Citrate, Alcohol and 
Water. 
What is the above sometimes called ? 

Tasteless Tincture of Iron. 
How is the Detannated Tincture of Cinchona made ? 

By treating Fluid Extract of Cinchona with Solution ot 
Ferric Sulphate and Water. 
What impurities are present in Soda Water? 

Copper, Lead and Iron. 
How are they tested for ? 

By Ammonia Water which produces a blue precipitate with 
Copper, Hydrogen Sulphide which produces a black precipi- 
tate with Lead, and Tannic Acid which produces a black 
precipitate with Iron. 
Is Zinc Oxide taken internally, and if so, for what is it used ? 

Yes ; used as a Nervine. 
What is the dose of Zinc Oxide ? 

One to five grs. 
To what is the aromatic odor of Cinnamon due ? 

To Volatile Oil. 
What change takes place when Oil of Lemon and Iodine of 
Bromine are brought together ? 
They react violently. 
Why are the quantities in Corrosive Sublimate tablets in odd 
and not even numbers ? 

To have the strengths uniform. 
Describe physical properties and the solubilities of the following : 

218 



Pot. Ferrocyanide, Pot. Cyanide, Ferric Chloride, Saccharated 
Ferrous Carbonate. 

Pot. Ferrocyanide: — large, soft, transparent, yellow, four- 
sided, monoclinic, tablets ; odorless and having a mild, saHne 
taste. SHghtly efflorescent on exposure to dry air. Soluble 
in 4 parts of Water and in 2 parts of Boiling Water. In- 
soluble in Alcohol. 

Pot. Cyanide : — White, opaque, amorphous pieces, or a 
white granular powder. Odorless when perfectly dry, but in 
moist air exhahng the odor of Hydrocyanic Acid. The taste 
is sharp and somewhat Alkaline, but should be ascertained 
with great care, as the salt is very poisonous. In moist air 
the salt deliquesces. Soluble in about i parts of Water. 
BoiHng Water dissolves its own weight of the salt, but rapidly 
decomposes it. It is but sparingly soluble in Alcohol. 

Ferric Chloride : — Orange Yellow crystallizing pieces, odor- 
less, or having a faint odor of Hydrocyanic Acid and a 
strongly styptic taste. Very deliquescent in moist air. 
Freely and completely soluble in Water and in Alcohol. 
Also in a mixture of i part Ether and 3 parts Alcohol. 

Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate : — A greenish-brown pow- 
der, gradually becoming oxidized by contact with the air, 
without odor and having at first a sweetish, and afterwards a 
slightly ferruginous taste. Only partially soluble in Water, 
but completely soluble in Hydrochloric Acid, with copious 
evolution of Carbonic Acid gas, forming a clear, greenish- 
yellow fluid. 
Give process for making Citrate of Iron and Quinine. 

Dissolve the Ferric Citrate in 160 cc. of Distilled Water 
by heating on a water-bath, at a temperature not exceeding 
140° F. To this solution add the Quinine and Citric Acid, 
previously triturated with 20 cc. of Distilled Water, and stir 
constantly until the Quinine and Citric Acid are dissolved. 
Lastly, evaporate the solution on a water-bath, at a tempera- 
ture not exceeding 140° F., to the consistence of Syrup, and 
spread it on plates of glass, so that, when dry, the salt may 
be obtained in scales. Keep the product in well-stoppered 
bottles, protected from light. 
Give process for making Soluble Citrate of Iron and Quinine. 

Dissolve the Ferric Citrate in 160 cc. of Distilled Water 
by heating on a water-bath, at a temperature not exceeding 
140° F. To this solution add the Quinine and Citric Acid, 
previously triturated with 20 cc. of Distilled Water, and stir 
constantly until the Quinine and Citric Acid are dissolved. 
Then add gradually and with constant stirring, 50 cc. or a 

219 



sufficient quantity of Ammonia Water, so that, after the 
addition of each portion of the latter, the Precipitated Quinine 
will be redissolved and the liquid acquire a greenish-yellow 
tint. Lastly, evaporate the solution on a water-bath, at a 
temperature not exceeding 140° F., to the consistence of 
Syrup, and spread it on plates of glass, so that, when dry, the 
salt may be obtained in scales. Keep the product in well- 
stoppered bottles, protected from light. 
What Waters are solutions of gases? 

Stronger Ammonia Water, Ammonia Water, Chlorine 
Water and Aqua Hydrogen Dioxide. 
What is the dose of Myrrh? 

Five to thirty grains. 
What is the dose of Lactucarium ? 

Five to sixty grains. 
What is the dose of Homatropine Hydrobromate ? 

^ to -^ grain. 
What is the dose of Glycerite of Carbolic Acid ? 

Two to five mins. 
What is Petroselinum ? 

Parsley. 
What medicinal substance is obtained from Parsley ? 

Apiol. 
Give dose of Jalap and Resin of Jalap. 

Jalap, 10 to 30 grs. Resin of Jalap, i to 5 grs. 
What is known as Hot Drops ? 

Tr. of Capsicum and Myrrh. 
How is it made ? 

By percolating Capsicum and Myrrh with a menstruum of 
Alcohol and Water. 
Name five Alkaloids derived from Opium. 

Morphine, Codeine, Narceine, Papaverine and Thebaine. 
What is Vegetable Sulphur ? 

Lycopodium. 
What is Levistioul ? 

Lovage. 
What Barks of Roots are official ? 

Pomegranate, Cotton Root Bark, Blackberry and Butternut 
Bark. 
Why is it wrong to keep stock solutions of Potassium Iodide ? 

Iodine is liberated. 
Why is it best when mixing solutions that will precipitate, to 
have the solutions cold and as dilute as possible before mixing? 
The precipitate will be finer and lighter, and more easily 
diffused through the liquid. 

220 



Why should Ammonium Carbonate be dissolved in Cold Water ? 

Heat volatilizes Ammonium and Carbon Dioxide. 
Why should heat be employed in making solutions of Alkali 
Bicarbonates ? 

Heat decomposes them^ liberating Carbon Dioxide and 
leaving the normal Carbonate. 
What advantage, if any, has Soluble Citrate of Iron and Quinine 
over Citrate of Iron and Quinine ? 
It is more soluble. 
What other varieties of Raspberry might be used in the place of 
Rubus Idacus? 

Rubus Strrigesus and Rubus Occidentalis. 
Name preparations of Powdered Opium. 

Acetum Opii, Extractum Opii, Opium Deodoratum, Pilulae 
Opii, Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii, Tinctura Opii, Tinctura 
Opii Camphorata, Tinctura Opii Deodorati, Trochisci Gly- 
cyrrhizae et Opii and Vinum Opii. 
Give process for making Aromatic Spt. of Ammonia. 

Ammonium Carbonate, in translucent pieces. Ammonia 
Water, Oil of Lemon, Oil of Lavender Flowers, Oil of Nut- 
meg, Alcohol and Distilled Water. 

To the Ammonia Water, contained in a flask, add a portion 
of the Distilled Water, then the Ammonium Carbonate, pre- 
viously reduced to a moderately fine powder ; close the flask 
and shake until the Carbonate is dissolved. Put the Alcohol 
in a graduate bottle of proper size, add the Oils, gradually 
add the Solution of Ammonium Carbonate and enough Dis- 
tilled Water to obtain the required amount. Put aside for 
twenty-four hours in a cool place and then filter. 
What precautions should be taken in handling Potassium Chlorate 
and Sodium Chlorate ? 

Explosions are liable to occur when either of them is mixed 
with organic matters, such as Cork, Tannic Acid or Sugar ; 
or Antimony Sulphide, Phosphorus or other oxidizable sub- 
stances. 
Describe dried Sulphate of Iron. 

A grayish-white powder slowly but completely soluble in 
Water. 
What change should be observed in this prescription? — Tincture 
of Chloride of Iron and Rose Water. 

A blackish mixture would result, due to the formation of 
Tannate of Iron. The Iron acting on the Tannic Acid in the 
Rose Water. 
How is Burgundy Pitch obtained ? 

221 



The Oleoresin, exuded spontaneously and from incisions, is 
melted and strained. Melted in Hot Water. 
Name three impurities present in Sulphuric Acid. 

Lead, Arsenic and Nitric Acid. 
Give uses of Saltpetre outside of Pharmacy. 

In chemistry as an oxidizing agent and in the arts and in- 
dustries for making gunpowder and fireworks. 
What is the chemical process in the rusting of Iron ^ 

It is converted into Ferric Oxide. 
Give two chemical tests for Morphine. 

Morphine with Nitric Acid produces an orange-red liquid 
which turns to yellow. Neutral Ferric Chloride solution pro- 
duces a blue color. 
Name a liquid containing Albumen. 

Milk. 
Name a solid containing Albumen. 

Flour. 
What is the source of Phenacetin ? 

It is a product of the destructive distillation of Coal-tar. 
Give ingredients of, and process for making Syr. of Senega. 

Fluid Extract of Senega, Ammonia Water, Sugar and 
Water. Mix the Fluid Extract with 300 cc. of the Water 
and with the Ammonia Water, and set the mixture aside for 
a few hours. Then filter and pass enough Water through 
the filter to obtain 550 cc. In the filtrate dissolve the Sugar 
by agitation without heat, strain and add enough Water 
through the strainer to make the product measure 1000 cc. 
What change takes place on mixing Sugar of Lead and Common 
Water ? 

The Carbonate of Magnesium and Calcium in the Water 
would cause a Precipitate of Lead Carbonate. 
What could be added to clear up the mixture ^ 

Diluted Acetic Acid. / 
What by-product results in the making of Lead Plaster P 
Glycerine. 



222 



PRESCRIPTIONS 

CORRECT AND INCORRECT 



^ Vini Ipecac 3 i 

Acid Hydrocyanic Dil m viii 

Syrup 3 ss 

Aq. Cinnamon ad ! iv 
M. ft. Mist. Sig. Capiat drachmas duas omni tertia hora vel 
tussi urgenti. 

A dessertspoonful to be taken every third hour, or when cough 
is troublesome. 



^ O. O. O. ! iv 

Sig. — Apply as directed. 
Oleum Olivae Optimus. 4 oz. best Olive Oil. 



R Aq. Chlor. 3 ii 

Sig. — Take one tablespoonful as directed. 
The above is ambiguous. Might mean Chlorine Water or 
Chloroform Water. 



Bj Hirudinus No. ii 

Two leeches. 



R T. O. C. ? i 

Tinct. Opii Camphor Paregoric. 



^ Acid Carbolic 3 i 

Collodion 3 vii 

M. ft. sol. 

Sig. — Apply with camel's hair brush. 
CarboHc Acid coagulates Collodion and the mixture becomes a 
solid mass which cannot be applied with the brush. 

223 



B Potass Iodide 3 i 

Divide in 6 powders. 
Reduce the K. I. to fine powder and dispense in parchment or 
oiled papers. 



^ Acid Chromic 3 ii 

Glycerine S i 

Solve et Sig. — Apply with a brush. 
The mixture will explode. 



R Potassii Chloratis gr. x 

Catechu gr. xv 

M. and fiat pulv. No V. 
If rubbed together will explode. Powder each separately and 
mix lightly in a mortar or on paper. 



B; Glycerine 

Alcohol 

Acid Chromic aa 3 ii 

M. and Sig. — Rub on the affected parts. 
The mixture is inflammable and explosive and must not be dis- 
pensed. 



^ Oleum Tiglii gtt ii 

Glycerin 3 i 

M. & Sig. — Take in two doses four hours apart. 
The mixture separates and should be sent out with a "Shake 
label. 



^ Spt. Ammcn. Arom. 3 ss 

Sig. — One teaspoonful at once; repeat if necessary. 
Should be put up quickly. Cito — quickly. 



^ Camphor 

Chloral Hydrate aa gr. xx 

M. et div. in chart No. V. 
Camphor and Chloral liquefy when rubbed together. 

224 



5«J Ol. Jecoris Aselli 

Cod Liver Oil. 



Vlll 



^ Camphor _ 3 ii 

Menthol ^ 3 i 

M. ft. pulv et div. in cht. No. IV. 

Sig. — Use as directed. 
These liquefy when rubbed together. 



R Codeine gr. xii 

Syr. Tolu 1 ii 

Tr. Card. Co. 3 ii 

M. ft. sol. Sig. — 3 i every four hours. 
Dissolve the Codeine in Tr. first. 



1^ Pulv. Doveri gr. xl 

Pulv. Ipecac gr. iv 

M. et divide in cht. No. IV. 
State in metric weight amount of Ipecac in each powder. 

Ans. — 0.1296 gm. 



R Tr. Ferri Chlor 3 ii 

Ess. Gaultheria 3 i 

Glycerin 3 v 

Sat. Sol. Potass. Chlor. add 3 vii 
M. ft. gargarisma. 
How much Potassium Chlorate is in the mixture .? 
Ans. — 191 grs. 



^ Tr. Aconite 3 i 

Syr. Limonis 3 iv 

Aq. ad. 3 ii 

M. ft. Mist. Sig. — 3 i every four hours. 
There is an overdose of the Tincture. 

225 



ss 



li Iodoform 3 i 

Starch 3 i 

Glycerine 3 vi 

Water 3 iv 

Misce ft. enema. 
Sig. — Inject at night. 
Do not heat the Iodoform. Rub the Iodoform and Starch 
together ; then the Glycerine and Water, gradually added, and 
heat until a paste is formed, stirring constantly. 



B; Aluminis gr. xx 

Acid Sulphuric Dil. 3 i 

Inf. Salviae ad I viii 

M. ft. garg. et signa. — Saepe utenclum. 

To be used frequently. 



R Olei Ricini Sine sapore 

Tasteless Castor Oil. 



R Plumbi Acetate 5 ss 

Zinci Sulphatis gr. xv 

Aquae Rosae ad § iv 

M. & Sig.— "The Injection." 
What chemical change takes place ? 

Lead Sulphate is formed and is precipitated. Dispense with 
a " Shake " label. 



^ Potass, permang. 3 ii 

Glycerin 3 vi 

Solve et ft. appticatio. 
This mixture is explosive and inflammable. 



R Zinc Sulphate gr. iv 

Aq. ad S iv 

M. ft. collyr. 

Sig. — m. d. utend. 
To what part of the body is the above to be applied ? 

To the eyes. 
Move dicto uteridum. To be used as directed. 

226 



^ Potassi lodidi ' 3 i 

Syr. Aurantii ! i 

Aq. ad S viii 

M. ft. Mist. 

Sig. — Cap. Cyath. vinar terdie. 
A wineglassful to be taken three times a day. 



^ Ammonii Carbonatis gr. xx 

Ammonii Chloridi 3 ss 

Syr. Allii 3 i 

Aquae ad ! ii 

M. ft. Mist. 

Sig. — Half teaspoonful every four hours. 
Syr. of Garlic contains Acetic Acid which acts on the Ammonii 
Carb. forming Ammon. Acetate and liberating Carbon 
Dioxide. 



R Acid Carbolic 3 i ss 

Aquae ad 1 i 

M. Sig. — Apply with c. h. brush. 
Use 2 drachms of Glycerine in place of part of the Water. 
Makes a clear solution. 



1^ Ac. Nitro Hydrochlor. § ss 

Tr. Card Co. 1 i ss 

What change takes place on standing a few hours ? 
It is liable to explode. 



Bj Tr. Aconite m viii 

Pot. Bicarb 3 ii 

Syrup 3 iv 

Aquae ad S viii 

M. ft. mist. 
Extend into unabbreviated Latin. 

Recipe. 

Tincturae Aconite minims octo. 
Potassii Bicarbonatis drachmas duas. 
Syrupi drachmas quattuor. 
Aquae ad uncias octo. 

Misce fiat mistura. 

Capiat unciam unam ter die. 

227 



R Argent! Nitratis 3 i 

Aquas Rosas ad Si' 

M. ft. Sol. 

Sig._"The Lotion." 
Criticise the above, and state how it should be dispensed. 

The Silver Nitrate is decomposed by the Rose Water and 
the mixture becomes dark. Distilled Water should be used 
in place of the Rose Water, and dispensed in an amber- 
colored bottle. 



R Tr. Aconite m i 

Syr. Auranti 1 i 

Aquae ad ! iv 

M. ft. mist. 

Sig. — Drachmam omin quadrante horae. 
Write the direction in English. 

One teaspoonful every quarter of an hour. 



R Tr. Ferri Chloride 3 ii ss 

Tr. Cinchona Comp. ad z ii 

M. et signa — Teaspoonful in Water after meals. 
Criticise the above. 

Tannate of Iron forms, making an inky mixture. 



R Hydrarg. Chlor. mitis gr. x 

Glycerin 3 i 

Liq. Calcis ad 3 ii 

M. ft. lotio. 

(a) Give common name of a mixture having a similar composi- 

tion. 

(b) Give name of precipitate which forms. 

(a) Black Wash. 

(b) Black Oxide of Mercury. 



B; Strychnia Sulph. gr. ss 

Potass. Brom. 3 iii 

Aquas ad 5 iv 

M. ft. solut. 
Comment on above. 

Strychnine Bromide is formed and precipitated. 

228 



^ Morphine Sulph. 0.12 

Atropine Sulph. 0.06 

M. et divide in chart No. X. 

Sig. — One powder every four hours. 
Criticise. 

There is a poisonous dose of Atropine. 

5^ Pot. Chlorat 3 iv 

Aquae ad 3 iv 

M. ft. Garg. Sig. — " The Gargle." 
Comment. 

All of the Potassium Chlorate cannot be dissolved in the 
Water, the excess of Salt should be filtered out. 

^ Argent. Oxid. gr. vi 

Creosot. gtt vi 

Glycyrrhizse q. s. 

Misce et divide in pilulus numero octo. 
Comment on the above and say how it should be compounded. 
Silver Oxide and Creosote when rubbed together explode. 
The proper way to compound this prescription is to mix the 
Creosote with powdered Soap, and the Silver Oxide with a 
little powdered Liquorice and mix both together. 

R Acid Sulphuric 

Acid Nitric aa 3 ii 

Alcohol 3 iv 

01. Terebinthinas 3 i 

Misce et signa "Caustic." 
How should the above be mixed ? 

Mix the Acids, and cool ; then add this mixture in small 
portions to the Oil, cooling after each addition ; and when it 
has become cold add the Alcohol. Oil of Turpentine reacts 
with the Acids, generating great heat, and unless the mixture 
be cooled it will ignite. 

^' Tr. Guaiac 

Muc. Acacia aa 3 i 

M. S. — Teaspoonful every three hours. 
Criticise the above. 

The Alcohol in the Tincture throws the Acacia out of solu- 
tion and the Water of the Mucilage precipitates the Resin 
from the Tincture. 

229 



^ Tr. Iodine 3 ii 

Glycerin 3 i 

Aquae ad 3 ii . 

M. Sig. — Apply locally, 
(a) What change takes place in the above ? (b) How should it 
be compounded ? 

(a) Iodine is precipitated by the Water, unless an old 
Tincture of Iodine that contains some Hydriodic Acid is used. 

(b) A few grains of Potassium Iodide added to the Water 
will hold the Iodine in solution. 



R Syr. Scillas Comp. sine Antimony 

Potass, tart. 3 ii 

What would you dispense for the above ? 

Compound Syrup of Squill without the Tartar Emetic. 



B Morphine Acetate .05 gm. 

Potass. Iodide 2.00 gm. 

Ferri Sulphate i.oo gm. 

Aquas 50.00 cc. 

M. S. — One teaspoonful every night. 

Criticise. 

Free Iodine will be precipitated by Ferrous Sulph. if it 
contains any Ferric Salt, which it generally contains, and if 
the Morphine Acetate be added. Iodine will precipitate the 
Morphine; but no free Iodine is formed if a solution of the 
Iron and Morphine are mixed before adding the Potassium 
Iodide. The Morphine reduces the Ferric Sulphate to the 
Ferrous state. 



R Ferri reducti 3.0 gm. 

Acidi Arsenosi 0.35 gm. 

Quininae Sulph. 8.0 gm. 

Strych. Sulph. 0.35 gm. 

Ext. Gentianae 8.0 gm. 
M. ft. pil No. XL. 
Criticise. 

The dose of the Arsenic is too large and so is that of the 
Strychnine; and the size of the pill will be very large. 

230 



^ Sodii Salicylatis 3 ss 

Spt. iEtheris Nitrosi m xxx 

Aquae ad 3 ii 

M. et Signa. — Teaspoonful every four hours, 
(a) What chemical change takes place ? (b) How might the 
change be prevented? 

(a) Salicylic Acid is precipitated by the free Acid in the 
Spirit. 

(b) By neutralizing the Acid with a few drops of Liquor 
Sodae. 



^ Quininas Bisulphatis 3 ss 

Basham's Mixture ad 1 iv 

Mix. Label. — Teaspoonful every two hours. 
Comment on above. 

Basham's Mixture contains free Acetic Acid and an Acetate 
which forms with the Quinine Salt, the insoluble Quinine 
Acetate. Dispense with a " Shake Well" label. 



R 



Ext. Valerian Fl. 


li ss 


Ext. Taraxac. Fl. 


1 ss 


Tinct. Gentian Co. 


3 iv 


Mag. Sulph. 


! ii 


Aq. ad 


! viii 



M. 

Comment on above. 

The Alcohol will throw out of solution the Mag. Sulph. as 
a gelatinous mass. 



^ Tinct. Ferri Chloridi 3 ii 

Spt. T^theris Nitrosi 3 iv 

Muc. Acaciae 1 i 

Syrup ad 3 iii 

M. Sig. — One teaspoonful three times a day. 
What is the proper way for mixing the above, and if mixed 
otherwise what would be the result ? 

Dilute the Tincture with part of the Syrup and mix the 
rest of the Syrup with the Spirit and then these with the 
Mucilage. If mixed otherwise, the Alcohol in the Spirit and 
Tincture, also the Ferric Chloride, will gelatinize the Mucilage 
of Acacia. 

231 



^ Sodii Boratis gr. x 

Zinci Sulph. gr. ii 

Aq. Camphorse 3 i 

M. Sig.— "The Eye Drops." 
Criticise. 

The Borax precipitates the Zinc as Zinc Borate. The atten- 
tion of the physician should be drawn to the fact ; and if the 
prescription is dispensed the precipitate should be filtered out. 



When Oil of Turpentine is prescribed for internal use, what 
would you dispense ? 

Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, U. S. P. 



^5 Tinct. Aconite m x 

Tinct. Digitalis 3 iv 

Syrup 3 i ss 

Aq ad 3 iv 

M. fl. mist. Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours. 
What kind of incompatibility is in the above? 
Therapeutical incompatibility. 



^ Chloral Hydrate gr. xl 

Camphor gr. xii 

Syr. Zingiberis S ii 

Aquae 3 iii * 

Met Sig. — Teaspoonful as directed. 
How would you compound the above ? 

Dissolve the Chloral Hydrate in the Water, pulverize the 
Camphor and triturate it with the Syrup, and mix them together. 



?«j Lin. Belladonnae 

Lin. Chloroform aa 

M. ft. Lin. 

Sig. — As partem affectam affricandum. 
Write the directions in English. 

To be rubbed on the part affected. 



What should be dispensed when solution of Persulphate of Iron 
is prescribed ? 

Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis. 

232 



1^ Sodii Borate 3 ii 

Chloral Hydrate 3 iv 

Aquae ad o vi 

M. ft. lotio. Signa — Apply as directed. 
Criticise. 

The Sodium Borate decomposes the Chloral Hydrate, 
forming Chloroform and Sodium Formate. 



ij^ Sol. Hydrargyri Bichloride § viii 

I lOOO 

Signa — Use externally as a wash. 
How many grains of a solution containing 2 grs. of Bichloride 
of Mercury to the fluid drachm will be required to make the 
above ? 

About 104 grs. of the solution. 



^ Hydrarg. Chi. Corros. gr. xx 

Syrup 3 ii 

Aq. ad 3 vi 

M. ft. mist. 

Sig. — One tablespoonful three times a day after meals. 
Criticise the above. 

There is a poisonous dose of the Corrosive Sublimate. 



B^ Strychnia gr. i 

Glycerin m xxx 

Aqu^ ad 3 iii 

M. S. — Inject ten minims. 
Comment on above. 

The Strychnine will not dissolve in the Glycerin or in the 
Water. The Sulphate or preferably the Nitrate should be 
used. 



B; Acid Nitric 

Acid Carbolic aa 

Mix. 
What compound is formed ? 

Picric Acid. 

SJ33 



^ Acid Nitric Dil. 3 ii 

Potass. Iodide 3 xii 

Aquae ad ! iii 

M. Sig. — 3 i in Water as directed. 
Comment. 

The Acid acts on the Pot. Iodide and liberates Iodine, 
which in time is also formed. 



R Kali Hydriodatis gr. 

What is the above drug ? 
Potassium Iodide. 



Bj Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros. gr. ii 

Potass. Iodide 3 ii 

Syr. Glycyrrhizae S ii 

Elia. Cinchona 5 iii ss 

Aquae ad ? viii 

M. ft. Mist. 

Sig. — One teaspoonful three times a day. 
Criticise the above. 

The Potassium Mercuric Iodide, which is formed by the 
decomposition between the Corrosive Sublimate and the 
Potassium Iodide, precipitate the Cinchona Alkaloids. Dis- 
pense with a " Shake Well " label. 



B Strychnine Sulph. gr. ss 

Digitalis pulv. gr. iv 

M. ft. pulv. et in chart decem divide. 
How should the above be dispensed? 

Triturate thoroughly the Strych. Sulph. with a little Sugar 
of Milk and mix in the powdered DigitaUs. 



B Tr. Cinchona Comp. 3 iv 

Signa. — Coch. med. i bis die ex aqua. 

Write the directions in English. 

One dessertspoonful in Water twice a day. 

234 



1 



^^ Potass. Iodide gr. xxiv 

Spt. iEtheris Nitrosi 3 ii 

Spr. Aurantii 1 i 

Aq. Cinnamon ad 1 iii 

Misce ft. mist. 

Sig. — Teaspoonful as directed. 
Criticise. 

The prescription should not be filled, as it contains when 
made up free Iodine and the gas Nitric Oxide ; these are 
formed by the action of Spt. of Nitrous Ether on the Potas- 
sium Iodide. 



B> Copaibae 

Pul. Cubebae aa 5 i 

Masce et fiant pilulse No. XX 
Sig. — One night and morning, 
(a) What objection would there be to the use of Althea or pow- 
dered Liquorice as excipient ? (b) What excipient would you 
use? 

(a) The pill would be too large. 

(b) Calcined Magnesia dampened with a little Water. 



^ Inf. Sennae Comp. 

What is the popular name for it ? 
Black Draught. 



R Tr. Aconite m viii 

Antipyrin 3 i 

Spt. ittheris Nitrosi 3 i ss 

Aquae Cinnamon ad 3 ii 

M. ft. Mist. 

Sig. — One teaspoonful every four hours. 
(a) What color change takes place ? (b) What compound is 
formed? (c) Would you dispense the above? (d) How 
could these changes be prevented ? 

(a) It becomes green. 

(b) Isonitress — Antipyrin. 

(c) Yes ; this compound was considered poisonous, but it 
is not considered so now. 

(d) By neutralizing the Spirit with a few grains of Sodium 
Bicarbonate. 

235 



i^ Argent! Nitratis gr. ss 

Fiat pilula. Mitte tales XII 

Sig. — One at night. 
What excipient would you use? 

Mix with a little Kaolin or Talc and mass with Petrolatum 
to which a little Paraffin has been added. 



^ Potass. Bromide gr. x 

Hydrarg. Chi. Mitis gr. iii 

M. ft. pulv. Mitte tales XII 
Comment on above. 

The Calomel when rubbed with the Bromide is reduced to 
Metallic Mercury with formation of double Bromide of 
Mercury and Potassium. 



Ij«^ Potassii permang. gr. vi 

Make into 8 pills. 
What excipient would you use ? 

Use the same as for Silver Nitrate. 



^ Liq. Zinc Chloride 3 i 

Hydrarg. Chi. Corros. gr. iv 

Liq. Calcis 3 ii 

Aquas ad 3 iv 

M. Sig. — Apply as directed. 
What effect has the order of mixing on the finished product? 
If the sol. of Zinc Chloride and the Lime Water are mixed, 
a white precipitate of Zinc Hydrate is formed, which is not 
adding the Corrosive Sub. dissolved in Water. If the Cor- 
rosive Sub. solution is added to the Lime Water the yellow 
Oxide of Mercury is precipitated, and on adding the Zinc 
Chi. sol., the precipitate changes after two hours from yellow 
to white. 



Ij^ Ol. Ricini 

Glycerin aa 3 vi 

M. S. — Tablespoonful at night. 
Comment. 

The Oil does not make a clear solution with Glycerin and 
separates after a time. Therefore dispense with a " Shake 
Well " label. 

236 



R Ferri Reducti gr. ii 

Ft. pilula. Mitte tales XXIV. 

Sig. — One pill three times a day after meals, 
(a) What excipient would you use ? (b) What is the medicinal 
property of the above ? 

(a) Triturate the Reduced Iron with Powdered Ext. of 
Liquorice and mass with Glucose. 

(b) Tonic. 



B Bismuth Subnitrate 3 iv 

Spt. Ammoniae Arom. 3 ii 

Tr. Opii. 3 ss 

Syr. Zingiberis 3 ii 

Aq. ad ! iv 
M. et Sig. — 3 ss before meals. 
Comment on above. 

The Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia reduces the Bismuth 
Subnitrate to Bismuth Oxide. 



R Copaibae 3 vi 

Liq. Potass. 3 iii 

Muc. Acacia 1 i 

Spt. iEtheris Nitrosi 3 iii 

Aq. Cinnamon ad 3 viii 

M. ft. emul. 
Sig. — 3 ss after meals. 
How is the above to be compounded ? 

Put the Mucilage in a bottle and rotate, then add the 
Copaiba by degrees and emulsify by adding the Liquor Potass., 
which has been diluted with ^ oz. of the Cinnamon Water, 
by degrees, and lastly add the Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 



^ Hydrarg. lod. rub. gr. iii 

Syr. Sarsap. Comp. 5 iv 

M. Sig. — One teaspoonful after meals. 
How would you prepare the above ? 

Dissolve 15 grs. of Potassium Iodide in one drachm of 
Water, and in this dissolve the Red Iodide of Mercury and 
mix with the Syrup. 

237 



^ Potass. Chlorate 3 ii 

Acid Hydrochloric 3 ii 

Aquae 3 viii 

M. Sig.— "The Gargle." 
(a) What gas is formed ? (b) Explain how the order of mixing 
would affect the amount of gas evolved. 

(a) Chlorine. 

(b) If the Potassium Chlorate and the Acid are mixed and 
the Water added, more gas would be evolved than if the 
Chlorate were dissolved in Water and the Acid added. 



R Hydrarg. Chi. Corros. gr. xx 

Sod. Borate 3 ii 

Aq. I IV 

M. ft. Lotio. 
Criticise. 

A brick red precipitate Oxychloride of Mercury is formed. 



IJ5 Iodine gr. xl 

Adipis Benz. 3 i 

M. ft. ung. 
How should the above be mixed? 

Rub the Iodine with one weight of Potassium Iodide and 
as much Water as Iodine, add the Benzoinated Lard gradually; 
or the Iodine might be dis. and added^to the Benzoinated Lard. 



R Bismuth Subnitrate 3 i 

Sodii Bicarb gr. xxx 

M. ft. pil. No. XXIV 
Comment on above. 

The pills swell to several times their original size and 
sometimes burst. This is due to the liberation of Carbon 
Dioxide. The mass should not be made into pills until the 
reaction has been quite completed or pin holes should be 
made in the pills to allow the escape of gas. 



R Tr. DigitaHs 3 i 

Inf. Ejusdem ad 5 ii 

What would you dispense for the second ingredient ? 
Infusion of Digitalis 

238 



^5 Zinc Oxide 3 ii 

Spt. Camphor 1 ii 

Glycerin 1 i 

Aq. ad o ss 

M. ft. Lotio. 

How would you prepare the above ? 

Rub the Zinc Oxide with the Glycerin to a smooth paste, 

add the Spirit, and lastly the Water. Dispense with a " Shake 
Well " label. 



^ Chloral Hydrate 3 i 

Phenacetin gr. xl 

Quinine Sulphate gr. 1 

Mix and divide into powders. 
Comment. 

Chloral Hydrate rubbed with Phenacetin results in a liquid, 
and a sticky mass also results when Chloral is rubbed with 
Quinine. 



B Morphine Sulph. 3 ss 

Phenacetin gr. ss 

Mix and divide into six powders. 
Comment on the above. 

It is evident that the quantities of the ingredients are 
transposed. 



R Potass. Permang. gr. xx 

Ext. Glycyrrhizae gr. xxx 

Glycerite Amyli q.s. 
M. ft. pil. No. XXX 
Criticise. 

Potassium Permanganate is reduced by organic matter. 
As excipient use something that would not reduce the 
Permanganate, as Fuller's Earth. 



^ Acid Chromic 

Glycerin. 



R Acid Chromic 

Alcohol. 



239 



B Acid Chromic 

Ether. 



R Acid Chromic 

Ol. Gaultheria. 
Comment on the preceding prescriptions. 
They explode or take fire. 

?; Spt. Athens Nit. 3 vi 

Ext. Buchu Fl. 

Ext. Uva Ursi Fl. aa 3 ss 

Syr. ad 3 vi 

M. ft. Mist. Sig. — Teaspoonful every four hours. 
Comment on above. 

There is a reaction between .the Spirit of Nitre and the 
Fluid Extracts, and the bottle may burst if tightly stoppered. 
Direct the patient to keep bottle lightly stoppered. 

R Oleoresinae Filicis 3 iii 

Sig. — 3 ss as dose. 
What would you dispense for the above ? 

Oleoresin of Male Fern or Aspidium. 

B^ Acid Sulph. Arom. m xx 

Mist. Cretae 3 ii 

Sig. — 3 ii in Water every two hours. 
Criticise. 

The Acid would be neutralized by the Calcium Carbonate 
in the Chalk mixture and insoluble Calcium Sulphate precipi- 
tated. 



^ Acid Sulph. Arom. ! i 

Sig. — 3 i every four hours. 
Comment on above. 

There is an overdose. The maximum dose is ten mins. 



B Acid Carbolic (g) 3 i 

Adepis Lanae Hyd. ? ii 

M. ft. ung. 
What does the "g " mean ? 

Glacial or Solid Carbolic Acid, not liquefied. 

240 



^ Syr. Ferri Iodide 3 iv 

Tr. Cinchona Comp. ad S iii 

M. Sig. — 3 i in Water t. i. d. 
Comment. 

An inky compound, Tannate of Iron, is formed. 



^ Cocaine Hydroch. gr. x 

Zinc Sulph. gr. xxx 

Aq. Rosae ! iii 

M. Sig. — Use as injection. 
Comment on above. 

Cocaine Hydroch. is precipitated by the Zinc Sulph. 



^ Bismuth Subnitrate gr. xxxii 

Dispense in four 5 gr. capsules. 
Could the above be dispensed as written ? 

Yes. Bismuth Sub., being a heavy powder, can be dis- 
pensed in any size capsule ordered. 



]?! Potass. Iodide 3 ii 

Acid Sulph. 3 i 

Aq. dest ad 5 iii 

M. Sig. — 3 i after meals. 
What chemical change takes place ? 

Iodine is liberated, and Potassium Sulphate is formed. 



R Pulv. Opii Co. 3 i 

Divide into 10 powders. 
What is the above ? 

Dover's Powder. 



R Magnesium Sulphate i ii 

Aq. Cinnamon ad ! iv 

M. ft. Mist. 
What remarks can you make on the above ? 

The Magnesium Sulph. is insoluble in that quantity of 
Water. 

241 



1^ Ammon. Benzoate 3 iv 

Acid Nitric Dil. 3 ii 

Aq. Menth. pip. ad 1 iv 

M. ft. Mist. 

Sig. — 3 i in Water, every four hours. 
Comment. 

The Acid decomposes the Benzoate into Ammonium 
Nitrate ; the Acid being insoluble would remain undissolved 
in the Water. 



R Quinine Sulph. 3 i 

Acid Sulph. Arom. m xl 

Syr. Glycyrrhizae 1 ii 

Aq. ad S iv 

M. ft. Mist. 

Sig. — 3 i every three hours. 
How would you compound the above ? 

Omit the Acid as it would precipitate the Glycyrrhizin 
in the Liquorice. Rub the Quinine with the Syrup and dis- 
pense with a "Shake Well" label. 



R Argenti Nitratis gr. xx 

Aquae 1 i 

M. Sig. — Apply as directed. 
Comment. 

Undistilled Water contains Chlorides and the mixture would 
be cloudy, therefore use Distilled Water. 



1^ Vin Stibiati ! ss 

Sig. — As directed. 
What would you send out P 

One-half oz. Wine of Antimony. 



Ij^ Suph. Lyttae 5 i 6 x 6 

Sig. — Apply over region of the Liver. 

What is the above ? 

Cantharides Plaster. Size, six inches by six inches. 

242 



R Pulv. Acaciae 3 ii 

Tr. Opii Camph- 1 ss 

Syr. Scillae 3 ii 

Spt. Frumenti ad I ii 

M. ft. Mist. 

How would you prepare the above ? 

Rub the Acacia in a mortar with the Syr., then add the Tr. 
and lastly the Spt., and triturate after each addition. 



R Ammon. Iodide 3 ii 

Spt. i^theris Nitrosi 1 i 

Syrup 1 i ss 

Aquae ad 3 iv 

M. ft. Mist. 

Comment on the above. 

The mixture would be deep amber in color, owing to the 
decomposition of the Iodide by the Spirit. 



^ Hydrarg. Chi. Cor. gr. ii 

Collodion 3 ii 

M. ft. Applicated. 
How is the above to be compounded ? 

Dissolve the Corrosive Sublimate in a few min. of Alcohol 
and add the mixture to the Collodion. 



R Acid Carbolic .5 

Eucalyptol 3.0 

Ichthyol 5.0 

Adipis Benz. 30.0 

M. ft. ung. 

How would you make it? 

Dissolve the Acid in the Eucalyptol, rub this up with the 

Ichthyol, and add the Benz. Lard in divided portions. 

5 Zinc Sulph. 

Cupri Sulph. aa 3 ii 

Aq. dest ad ! ii 

M. ft. "Eye Lotion." 
Sig. — Apply to Eyes. 
Comment on above. 

The amount of the two Sulphates is by far too large. The 
doctor evidently meant 2 grs. each. 

243 



3^ Magnesium Sulph. I i 

Potassium et Sodium Tart. 3 i ss 

Aq. ad ! vi 

Sig. — 1 ss on going to bed. 
What chemical change takes place ? 

An insoluble Magnesium Tartrate results on standing. 



35 Strychnine Sulph. gr. i ss 

Make into forty-five pills. 
How much Strych. Sulph. in each pill ? 

-sV gr. in each. 



^ Quinine Sulph. 

Sodium Salicylate aa gr. xx 

Syr. ad 3 ii 

M. ft. Mist. Sig. — 3rs as directed. 
Comment. 

Rub the two Salts with the Syrup and dispense with 
" Shake " label. The addition of any Acid will precipitate 
Salicylic Acid. 



B; Pulv. Cinnamon Comp. 3 ii 

What is the above P 

Pulv. Aromaticus. U. S. P. 



^ Mucil. Acacia 1 i ss 

Tr. Cubebae 3 iv 

M. Sig. — 3 ii t. i. d. 
Criticise. 

The Alcoholic Tincture would precipitate Acacia from the 
Mucilage. 



^ Ext. Cannabis Indica Fl. ? ii 

Acid Hydrocyanic Dil. 3 i 

M. Sig. — Ten drops every three hours. 
This Fluid Ext. contains Resin and the Water in the Acid will 
precipitate it. 

244 



B«j Magnesium Sulph. 

Ext. Rhamni Pursh Fl 
Aquae 
M. ft. Mist. 
Comment 
The 
Water given 
added. 



t. Mist. 

Magnesium Sulph., although soluble in the amount of 
given, would be precipitated when the Fl. Ext. was 



^ Copaibae 

Aquae aa ? iv 

Sig. — 3 i after meals. 
How should the above be put up ? 

Copaiba is not soluble in Water, and must be held in sus- 
pension by means of powdered Acacia. 
Use 3 i ss to suspend it. 



^ Guaiacol m xii 

Zinc Oxide 3 i 

M. et divide in pil No. xii. 
How would you make into pills? 

Mass into pills by addition of a little Powd. Castile Soap. 



R Hydrarg. Oxide Rub. gr. xii 

Adipis 5 ss 

M. ft. ung. 

Sig. — Apply to eyelids. 
Prepare by triturating the Oxide with a few drops of Castor Oil 
and add the Lard gradually. 



R Salol gr. xxxii 

Ft. Emulsion 3 ii 

Sig. — 3 i ter in die cum Aqua. 
Use twice as much Po. Acaciae as you have Salol. Mix and 
make primary Emulsion with 3 ss of Water. Add remainder 
of Water and dispense with a " Shake well " label. 

245 



5 



Potass. Subcarb. 


12. 


Sulphur 


25- 


Petrolatum 


lOO. 


M. et ft. ung. 





What should be dispensed for Potass. Subcarb. 
Potass. Carb. Used for Eczema. 



R Potass. Brom. 3 iv 

Spts. ^th. Nit. 3 ii 

M. Sig. — 3 i every two or three hours. 
Free Bromine is liberated, rendering the mixture poisonous. 
Do not put up. 



246 



JUN 23 1905 



r 



